Electrochemical study on the corrosion rate of X52 steel exposed to different soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Quej-Ake ◽  
A. Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Steel Surface ◽  
Pipeline Steel ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Saturated Soils ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ir Drop ◽  
X52 Steel

Purpose The purpose of this work is to study the corrosion rate of X52 pipeline steel exposed to three types of soils collected in Campeche State in México. The electrochemical evaluation for X52 steel exposed to soils ranging from saturated soil until dry conditions was carried out for a period of 21 days. Owing to its versatility to study the steel corrosion process exposed to different types of soils, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry tests were performed. Additionally, optical and electronic microscopy observations of the steel surface were carried out. Design/methodology/approach Electrochemical cell arrangement was described elsewhere (Quej-Ake et al., 2014). Owing to soil being an electrolytic system with high resistivity and impedance, all electrodes were placed as close as possible, and iR-drop compensation was taken into account using two rods of graphite as an auxiliary electrode. In addition, the conductivity of the soil (Rs) obtained from EIS was used to correct the potential of the working electrode according to iR-drop, and an analysis of ohmic drop from the polarization curves was carried out. Findings Saturated conditions of the three soils were initially considered as the most corrosive conditions for X52 steel surface. Finally, 21 days of immersion time was taken into account as the more drastic condition. So, according to results, X52 steel exposed to beach sand was more susceptible to the corrosion process (0.092 mm/year). iR corrected was negligible at low over-potentials region in saturated soils, which is inside the linear region of Tafel or the activation region. In addition, high cathodic peak potential value obtained from cyclic voltammetry for X52 steel exposed to saturated soil may be attributed to hydrogen evolution reaction and neutral pH. Research limitations/implications The paper has implications for research. It bridges the gap between theory and practice. Originality/value Cyclic voltammetry is a really important tool for the electrochemical analysis of the pipeline steel surface exposed to saturated soils, but is not adequate for analysis of steel exposed to dried soils. In addition, the physicochemical results show that fissures, voids and extra-oxygen presence could also affect the electrochemical responses obtained for X52 steel exposed to soils.

The effect of non-ionic surfactant on the internal corrosion for X52 steel in extra-heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Quej-Ake ◽  
A. Contreras ◽  
Jorge Aburto
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Steel Surface ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
X52 Steel ◽  
Emulsion Systems ◽  
Heavy Crude

Purpose The purpose of this research is to study different extra-heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions that can be found in practice for corrosion process of X52 steel adding 60 mg.L-1 of non-ionic surfactant and a corrosion inhibitor (CI). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel plots are carried out. Thus, Bode-modulus and Bode-phase angle plots are discussed. Adsorption isotherms obtained from corrosion rate (CR) values are taken into account. Design/methodology/approach Two-electrode arrangement is used to characterize the pseudo-capacitance values for X52 steel exposed to water and crude oil phases, mainly. Electrochemical evaluations for X52 steel exposed to extra-heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions are recorded in a conventional three-electrode cell to study the corrosion process as was documented in detail by Quej-Ake et al. (2015). Therefore, all electrodes are placed as close as possible to eliminate the iR-drop. Findings Pseudo-capacitance analysis shows that X52 steel immersed in oilfield produced water was more susceptible to corrosion than that immersed in ocean water solution and extra-heavy crude oil phase. After being analyzed, the X52 steel surface coverage and adsorption process for surfactant and CI could be concluded that surfactant could protect the metal surface. In a coalescence extra-heavy crude oil-in-water emulsion, the water medium generated a new solution that was more corrosive than the original water phase. Wash crude oil process was provoked in emulsion systems to sweep up the salts, mainly. Thus, corrosive species that can be recovered inside extra-heavy crude oil may appear, and in turn a new more corrosive solution could be obtained. Taking into account the straight line obtained in Bode-modulus plot for X52 exposed to extra-heavy crude oil, it is possible to point out that the negative value of the slope or R2 can be related to a coefficient (Jorcin et al., 2006). It is important to mention that electrochemical responses for X52 steel exposed to extra-heavy crude oil-in-water under coalescence emulsions revealed that corrosion and diffusion processes exist. Therefore, a possible good inhibitor is surfactant in emulsion systems. Originality/value CR and anodic and cathodic slopes suggest that the surfactant acted as mixed CI. Of these, susceptible anodic (MnS and perlite or cementite) and cathodic (ferrite) sites on steel surface could be affected, due to which physicochemical adsorption could happen by using electrochemical parameters analysis. Thus, no stable emulsions should be taken into account for extra-heavy crude oil transportation, because corrosion problems in atmospheric distillation process of the crude oil due to stable emulsion cannot be easily separated. In this manner, coalescent emulsions are more adequate for transporting extra-heavy crude oil because low energy to separate the water media is required.

Electrochemical study of the corrosion rate of API steels in clay soils

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Quej-Ake ◽  
J. Marín-Cruz ◽  
A. Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ir Drop ◽  
Corrosion Susceptibility

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to study the corrosion process of API X52, X60, X65, X70 and X80 steels exposed to two clay soils collected in two states of Mexico (Tabasco and Campeche). To saturate the soils, 60 mL of deionized water was added to simulate the conditions for dry and wet season, due to in field, the climate change could modifies the physicochemical properties of the soils for each season of the year and this generate a variable environment, which affect the electrochemical responses on steel–soil interface. Design/methodology/approach The corrosion evaluation was carried out simulating the conditions of deteriorated coating (bare steel); this includes steel surface exposed to clay soil affected by seasonal fluctuations in a tropical zone. These soils were characterized, without any further treatment as were found in the field (dry season). Moreover, some samples were taken and prepared to analyze in laboratory. For each soil sample, 60 mL of deionized water was added to simulate the rainy season (saturated soils). Electrochemical evaluations were carried out after 3 h of exposure time at room temperature. Because soil is a system with high resistivity and impedance, it is necessary to carry out IR-drop compensation using two platinum rods that were used as an auxiliary electrode. In addition, the IR-drop correction obtained from the experimental potentiodynamic curves was investigated. Findings In clay from Campeche (Clay-C), the more susceptible steel to corrosion was X65, whereas in clay from Tabasco (Clay-T), the more susceptible steel to corrosion was X80 steel. Electrochemical results show that despite higher-degree steels providing higher strength and hardness, the order of corrosion susceptibility is random, which can be attributed to different microstructures in the steels. The complexity of the corrosion process on five steels was evident when steel samples were exposed to different soils. The higher corrosion rate was obtained in X65 steel (0.5 mm/year). Practical implications The paper clearly identifies any implication for the research. Originality/value The electrochemical responses of different steels exposed in two types of clay soil explained the corrosion complexity that can be attributed to changes in physicochemical properties of the soils, which are because of changes in seasons (dry and rainy) and the microstructure of each steel related to the process of fabrication. Suggesting that the increase in mechanical properties such as hardness and resistance of the pipeline steels could not be associated with its corrosion resistance, the corrosion susceptibility is more dependent on the microstructure of the steels.

Subsection corrosion inhibition of acidic-oxidized polymer degradant in offshore oil field

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhua Zhu ◽  
Liqiang Zhao ◽  
Pingli Liu ◽  
Ming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Polymer Injection ◽  
N80 Steel ◽  
Offshore Oil

Purpose This paper aims to introduce a method to reduce corrosion caused by acidic-oxidized polymer degradant through subsection injection with different inhibitor. Design/methodology/approach This paper introduced a method to reduce corrosion caused by acidic-oxidized polymer degradant through subsection injection with different inhibitor. Findings The experimental results indicated that the influence of pre-corrosion status on corrosion rate and effectiveness of corrosion inhibitor are significant. The corrosion inhibitors in both injection stage inhibited the corrosion process by preventing the contact of corrosive medium and steel surface through formation of a protective film on the surface of N80 steel. The corrosion rate of polymer degradant can be reduced to 0.63 g/m 2 h through subsection injection with different inhibitor. Originality/value This result will increase the production of polymer injection plugging wells through expanding the application of acidic-oxidized polymer degradant.

Corrosion behavior of X65 pipeline steel in coastal areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
BaoZhuang Sun ◽  
Wenju Liao ◽  
Zhong Li ◽  
Zhiyong Liu ◽  
Cuiwei Du
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Pipeline Steel ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Galvanic Current ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Soil Corrosion ◽  
Macro Cell

Purpose To study the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel in coastal areas, a tidal seawater macro-cell corrosion device was built using a cycle soaking tank and a macro-cell corrosion facility to simulate the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel in a simulated coastal environment (dry and wet alternations during seawater-soil corrosion macro-cell processes). Design/methodology/approach The corrosion behaviors were studied via the weight loss method, electrochemical methods and morphological observations on corrosion. Findings The results show that during the initial stage of tidal seawater/soil macro-cell corrosion process of the X65 steel, the working electrode on the seawater side is the anode of the macro-battery. As corrosion progresses, the anode and the cathode of the macro-battery become inverted. As the area ratio and the dry – wet ratio increase, the time of anode and cathode inversion shortens. Galvanic current density decreases as the dry – wet ratio increases and increases as the area ratio increases. The corrosion process of macro-cell is affected by the reversal of anode and cathode. After the reversal of anode and cathode, the corrosion rate is mainly controlled by dry – wet alternating corrosion. Originality/value The corrosion behavior of a pipeline steel in a coastal environment was studied using a tidal seawater macro-cell corrosion device. The synergism effect between the tidal seawater and seawater-soil macro-cell on corrosion behavior was clarified.

Electrochemical evaluation of cr-mn austenitic stainless steel in aqueous sulphuric acid and influence of thiocyanate ions

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur V. Bansod ◽  
Awanikumar P. Patil ◽  
Sourabh Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Steel Surface ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Polarization Test ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Purpose Low nickel austenitic stainless steel (ASS) has attracted much attention worldwide because of its economical price. This study aims to investigate the effect of different corrosive environments on the corrosion behavior of chrome-manganese (Cr-Mn) ASS. The tests were carried out as a function of H2SO4 concentrations, temperature and addition of ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) (0.01 M). Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to study the corrosion behavior of Cr-Mn ASS. It was observed that with increasing H2SO4 concentration, temperature and with the addition of NH4SCN solution, icorr, icrit and ipassive values increased. EIS data show decreasing charge transfer resistance value with increasing concentration and temperature. Higher corrosion rate with increasing temperature and concentration of H2SO4 is related to the anions (SO42−), which is responsible for reducing the stability of passive films. With the presence of 0.01 M NH4SCN thiocyanate (SCN− anion), there is a higher dilution of the passive film resulting in a higher corrosion rate. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis reveals the adsorption of sulfur on the surface in NH4SCN containing a solution. The significant presence of counter ions and the adsorbed sulfur species on the steel surface play a vital role in corrosion behavior. Design/methodology/approach All the experiments were performed on a 3 mm thick sheet of Cr-Mn ASS (202 ASS) in hot rolled condition. The samples were then annealed at 1,050°C for 1 h, followed by water quenching. For microstructural examination, they were electrochemically etched in 10 Wt.% oxalic acid solution at 1 amp for 90 s. A computer-controlled Potentiostat (Biologic VMP-300) was used. After the cell was set up, the working electrode (WE) was electrostatically cleaned at −1 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for 30 s to remove the air-formed film. Then, WE were allowed to attain stable open circuit potential (OCP) for 1 h, following by the EIS test and potentiodynamic polarization test. The polarization test was started from a cathodic potential (−1.2 V vs SCE) and continued up to an anodic potential (1.6 V vs SCE) a scan rate of 0.1667 mV/s. EIS experiment was conducted on the same instrument by using a sinusoidal AC signal of 10 mV in a frequency range of 1,000,000 to 0.01 Hz at OCP. Findings Potentiodynamic polarization graph shows that with the increase in sulphuric acid concentration. Increasing temperature from 20°C to 80°C in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution increases the corrosion rate (icorr) of Cr-Mn ASS. On the addition of 0.01 M NH4SCN to the sulfuric acid solution (0.1, 0.5 and 1 M) the corrosion rate increases drastically almost four to five times. EDS and XRD analysis shows the presence of sulfur over the oxide film and preferential site for dissolution of Cr and Mn at the steel surface when NH4SCN is added to the sulfuric acid solution. Originality/value A study on the corrosion behavior of Cr-Mn ASS is scanty according to the author’s knowledge. Therefore, the present study will investigate the corrosion behavior of Cr-Mn ASS on SO4−2 anions, temperature and the addition of SCN− ion in sulfuric acid.

Influence of temperature and potential range on Zn-Ni deposition properties formed by cyclic voltammetry electrodeposition in chloride bath solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadali Beheshti ◽  
Mokhtar Che Ismail ◽  
Saeid Kakooei ◽  
Shohreh Shahrestani
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Bath Solution ◽  
Micro Cracks ◽  
Mobility Of Ions ◽  
X52 Steel

AbstractThis paper describes the study of electrodeposition process by cyclic voltammetry for Zn-Ni bimetallic coating on the X52 carbon steel substrate. Prior to the deposition at the bath temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and 60°C, investigations were carried out to find the optimum potential range for zinc-nickel coatings with respect to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used for surface morphology and elemental composition studies. The corrosion rate of the deposits was studied using the linear polarization resistance (LPR) method by immersing the samples (with and without coating) into 3.5% NaCl solution for 24 h. SEM and EDX results showed that the bath temperature has affected the formation of the microstructures and composition of coating. In addition, micro-cracks, nickel content, mobility of ions and compactness of microstructure increased by raising the bath temperature used for electrodeposition. The corrosion rate obtained from the LPR method can be correlated with the SEM/EDX analysis. The coating deposited at the temperature of 60°C including more content of nickel and micro-cracks led to lower corrosion resistance compared to the coating deposited at the bath solution temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and non-coated X52 steel. Based on the results, the Zn-Ni coating deposited on the X52 steel substrate in the bath solution at 40°C presented the best performance due to more suitable achievements of microstructure compaction, composition, microcracks, and corrosion resistance observations.

Corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in the presence of sulphite

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin C. Fatah ◽  
Mokhtar C. Ismail ◽  
Bambang Ari-Wahjoedi
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
X52 Steel

Purpose – The purpose of this work was to study the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in the presence of sulphite. Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted in abiotic solutions containing species typical of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) metabolism. Electrochemical techniques, i.e. linear polarization resistance (LPR), potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were used to observe the corrosion kinetics and mechanism of X52 steel in the solution containing sulphite. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the corrosion products. Findings – LPR and EIS results showed that the addition of sulphite ions to the abiotic solutions increased the rate of X52 steel corrosion. The increase of corrosion rate was due to the increase in the cathodic reaction in the presence of sulphite. It was also observed that sulphite thinned the protective FeS film and caused corrosive species to adsorb on the surface, resulting in an increase in corrosion rate. Originality/value – This paper discusses the effects of sulphite on the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in abiotic solution containing species typically produced by the SRB-type metabolic process. Irrespective of the presence of sulphide, sulphite is produced by SRB during their metabolic process. However, as far as is known, no published papers are available that discuss the effect of the presence of sulphite as one of the metabolic products of SRB.

Effect of main controlling factor on the corrosion behaviour of API X65 pipeline steel in the CO2/oil/water environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanpeng Cheng ◽  
Zili Li ◽  
Yalei Zhao ◽  
Yazhou Xu ◽  
Qianqian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Corrosion Product ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Pipeline Steel ◽  
Corrosion Morphology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Api X65 Steel ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Water Cut

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of API X65 pipeline steel in the simulated CO2/oil/water emulsion using weight loss technique, potentiodynamic polarization technique and characterization of the corroded surface techniques. Design/methodology/approach The weight loss analysis, electrochemical study and surface investigation were carried out on API X65 pipeline steel that had been immersed in the CO2/oil/water corrosive medium to understand the corrosion behaviour of gathering pipeline steel. The weight loss tests were carried out in a 3L autoclave, and effects of temperature, CO2 partial pressure, water cut and flow velocity on the CO2 corrosion rate of API X65 pipeline steel were studied. Electrochemical studies were carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell with the test temperature was 60°C, and the CO2 partial pressure was 1 atm by recording open circuit potential/time and potentiodynamic polarization characteristics. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of corrosion product scales were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The phases of corrosion product scales were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Findings The results showed that water cut was the main controlling factor of API X65 steel corrosion under the conditions of CO2/oil/water multiphase flow, and it had significant impact on corrosion morphology. In the case of higher water cut or pure water phase, general corrosion occurred on the steel surface. While water cut was below 70 per cent, corrosion morphology transformed into localized corrosion, crude oil decreased corrosion rate significantly and played a role of inhibitor. Crude oil hindered the corrosion scales from being dissolved by corrosive medium and changed dimension and accumulation pattern of the crystal grain, thickness and structure of the corrosion scales; thus, it influenced the corrosion rate. The primary corrosion product of API X65 steel was ferrous carbonate, which could act as a protective film at low water cut so that the corrosion rate can be reduced. Originality/value The results can be helpful in selecting the suitable corrosion inhibitors and targeted anti-corrosion measures for CO2/oil/water corrosive environment.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Iron-Based Materials—What Was Done and What More Can Be Done?

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3381
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gąsior ◽  
Jonasz Szczepański ◽  
Aleksandra Radtke
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Elastic Moduli ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Metal Stents ◽  
Biodegradable Metal ◽  
Iron Based

Iron, while attracting less attention than magnesium and zinc, is still one of the best candidates for biodegradable metal stents thanks its biocompatibility, great elastic moduli and high strength. Due to the low corrosion rate, and thus slow biodegradation, iron stents have still not been put into use. While these problems have still not been fully resolved, many studies have been published that propose different approaches to the issues. This brief overview report summarises the latest developments in the field of biodegradable iron-based stents and presents some techniques that can accelerate their biocorrosion rate. Basic data related to iron metabolism and its biocompatibility, the mechanism of the corrosion process, as well as a critical look at the rate of degradation of iron-based systems obtained by several different methods are included. All this illustrates as the title says, what was done within the topic of biodegradable iron-based materials and what more can be done.

scholarly journals Electroactivity of Phototrophic River Biofilms and Constitutive Cultivable Bacteria

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (15) ◽  
pp. 5394-5401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Lyautey ◽  
Amandine Cournet ◽  
Soizic Morin ◽  
Stéphanie Boulêtreau ◽  
Luc Etcheverry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Saturated Calomel Electrode ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Population Scale ◽  
River Biofilm ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACTElectroactivity is a property of microorganisms assembled in biofilms that has been highlighted in a variety of environments. This characteristic was assessed for phototrophic river biofilms at the community scale and at the bacterial population scale. At the community scale, electroactivity was evaluated on stainless steel and copper alloy coupons used both as biofilm colonization supports and as working electrodes. At the population scale, the ability of environmental bacterial strains to catalyze oxygen reduction was assessed by cyclic voltammetry. Our data demonstrate that phototrophic river biofilm development on the electrodes, measured by dry mass and chlorophyllacontent, resulted in significant increases of the recorded potentials, with potentials of up to +120 mV/saturated calomel electrode (SCE) on stainless steel electrodes and +60 mV/SCE on copper electrodes. Thirty-two bacterial strains isolated from natural phototrophic river biofilms were tested by cyclic voltammetry. Twenty-five were able to catalyze oxygen reduction, with shifts of potential ranging from 0.06 to 0.23 V, cathodic peak potentials ranging from −0.36 to −0.76 V/SCE, and peak amplitudes ranging from −9.5 to −19.4 μA. These isolates were diversified phylogenetically (Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes, andAlpha-,Beta-, andGammaproteobacteria) and exhibited various phenotypic properties (Gram stain, oxidase, and catalase characteristics). These data suggest that phototrophic river biofilm communities and/or most of their constitutive bacterial populations present the ability to promote electronic exchange with a metallic electrode, supporting the following possibilities: (i) development of electrochemistry-based sensors allowingin situphototrophic river biofilm detection and (ii) production of microbial fuel cell inocula under oligotrophic conditions.

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