Do different national samples yield similar dimensions of national culture?

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Minkov ◽  
Michael Harris Bond ◽  
Vesselin Blagoev
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Value Structures ◽  
National Representation ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Data Reduction Method

Purpose – Cross-national studies of employees’ values and beliefs have extracted dimensions of national culture from diverse samples of employees. The purpose of this paper is to find out if this sample diversity impacts the nature of the extracted dimensions: is a given dimension replicable across diverse samples (such as managers vs skilled workers?). Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyzed a set of values from the World Values Survey, comparing nation-level value structures from four types of samples in 46 countries: national representation, managers, experts without supervisory duties, and skilled workers. The authors analyzed the data with, and simultaneously compared, two data reduction methods: multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots (Shalom Schwartz’s preferred method) vs exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Findings – MDS plots suggested structural similarity across the four samples, whereas EFA suggests divergence. Research limitations/implications – Whether dimensions of national culture replicate across different samples or not depends on the data reduction method. There is no one best method in an abstract sense. Researchers’ choice of method should be contingent on their research philosophy: theory-driven vs empirical. Originality/value – No such study has been published previously.

Finite Element Simulation of the Sachs Boring Method of Measuring Residual Stresses in Thick-Walled Cylinders

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. de Swardt
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Residual Stress Field ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Element Mesh ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Data Reduction Method

During a recent study the residual strain/stress states through the walls of autofrettaged thick-walled high-strength steel cylinders were measured with neutron diffraction, Sachs boring and the compliance methods (Venter et al., 2000, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 35, pp. 459–469). The Sachs boring method was developed prior to the advent of high speed computers. A new method for the data reduction was proposed. In order to verify the proposed procedure, the Sachs boring experimental method was simulated using finite element modeling. A residual stress field was introduced in the finite element method by elasto-plastic finite element analysis. The physical process of material removal by means of boring was simulated by step-by-step removal of elements from the finite element mesh. Both the traditional and newly proposed data reduction methods were used to calculate the residual stresses. The new data reduction method compares favorably with the traditional method.

Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Graphite/Epoxy Multidirectional Composite1

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yang ◽  
C. T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Crack Extension ◽  
Plate Theory ◽  
Interlaminar Fracture Toughness ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Unstable Crack ◽  
Interlaminar Fracture ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Data Reduction Method

In this paper, an experimental investigation on interlaminar fracture behavior and fracture toughness of a graphite/epoxy multidirectional composite laminate is presented using end-notched flexure specimens. The 0/θ interfaces are considered. The interlaminar fracture toughness is obtained and compared using three data reduction methods, i.e., the area method, classical laminated plate theory, and finite element analysis. Results show that the toughness value depends on the data reduction method used. Two different crack-length-to-span ratios are chosen to study how the stable or unstable crack extension influences the toughness measurement. It is observed that the toughness obtained from the tests of stable crack extension is appreciably higher than that from the tests of unstable crack extension. It is also seen that friction resulting from contact of crack surfaces greatly affects the measured toughness in the case of stable crack extension. In addition, effects of the specimen geometry and fiber orientation on the interlaminar fracture toughness are also evaluated. [S0094-4289(00)02804-8]

scholarly journals Processing of Bathymetric Data: The Fusion of New Reduction Methods for Spatial Big Data

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6207
Author(s):  
Marta Wlodarczyk-Sielicka ◽  
Wioleta Blaszczak-Bak
Keyword(s):  
Data Reduction ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Bathymetric Data ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Data Reduction Method

Floating autonomous vehicles are very often equipped with modern systems that collect information about the situation under the water surface, e.g., the depth or type of bottom and obstructions on the seafloor. One such system is the multibeam echosounder (MBES), which collects very large sets of bathymetric data. The development and analysis of such large sets are laborious and expensive. Reduction of the spatial data obtained from bathymetric and other systems collecting spatial data is currently widely used. In commercial programs used in the development of data from hydrographic systems, methods of interpolation to a specific mesh size are very frequently used. The authors of this article previously proposed original the true bathymetric data reduction method (TBDRed) and Optimum Dataset (OptD) reduction methods, which maintain the actual position and depth for each of the measured points, without their interpolation. The effectiveness of the proposed methods has already been presented in previous articles. This article proposes the fusion of original reduction methods, which is a new and innovative approach to the problem of bathymetric data reduction. The article contains a description of the methods used and the methodology of developing bathymetric data. The proposed fusion of reduction methods allows the generation of numerical models that can be a safe, reliable source of information, and a basis for design. Numerical models can also be used in comparative navigation, during the creation of electronic navigation maps and other hydrographic products.

scholarly journals Improving learning vector quantization using data reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pande Nyoman Ariyuda Semadi ◽  
Reza Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
Vector Quantization ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Vector Quantization ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Data Reduction Method ◽  
Bank Marketing

Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) is a supervised learning algorithm commonly used for statistical classification and pattern recognition. The competitive layer in LVQ studies the input vectors and classifies them into the correct classes. The amount of data involved in the learning process can be reduced by using data reduction methods. In this paper, we propose a data reduction method that uses geometrical proximity of the data. The basic idea is to drop sets of data that have many similarities and keep one representation for each set. By certain adjustments, the data reduction methods can decrease the amount of data involved in the learning process while still maintain the existing accuracy. The amount of data involved in the learning process can be reduced down to 33.22% for the abalone dataset and 55.02% for the bank marketing dataset, respectively.

A Comparison of Data-Reduction Methods for a Seven-Hole Probe

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Data Reduction ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
Pressure Probe ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Grid Spacing ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Data Reduction Method

Two data-reduction methods were compared for the calibration of a seven-hole conical pressure probe in incompressible flow. The polynomial curve-fit method of Gallington and the direct-interpolation method of Zilliac were applied to the same set of calibration data, for a range of calibration grid spacings. The results showed that the choice of data-reduction method and the choice of calibration grid spacing each have an influence on the measurement uncertainty. At high flow angles, greater than 30 deg, where flow may separate from the leeward side of the probe, the direct-interpolation method was preferable. At low flow angles, less than 30 deg, where flow remains attached about the probe, neither data-reduction method had any advantage. For both methods, a calibration grid with a maximum interval of 10 deg was recommended. The Reynolds-number sensitivity of the probe began at Re=5000, based on probe diameter, and was independent of the data-reduction method or calibration grid spacing.

scholarly journals Analytical corrections for double-cantilever beam tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Chen ◽  
C. M. Harvey ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
V. V. Silberschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Foundation ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Beam Theory ◽  
Dynamic Loads ◽  
Structural Vibration ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Mode I Fracture ◽  
Reduction Methods

AbstractDouble-cantilever beams (DCBs) are widely used to study mode-I fracture behavior and to measure mode-I fracture toughness under quasi-static loads. Recently, the authors have developed analytical solutions for DCBs under dynamic loads with consideration of structural vibration and wave propagation. There are two methods of beam-theory-based data reduction to determine the energy release rate: (i) using an effective built-in boundary condition at the crack tip, and (ii) employing an elastic foundation to model the uncracked interface of the DCB. In this letter, analytical corrections for a crack-tip rotation of DCBs under quasi-static and dynamic loads are presented, afforded by combining both these data-reduction methods and the authors’ recent analytical solutions for each. Convenient and easy-to-use analytical corrections for DCB tests are obtained, which avoid the complexity and difficulty of the elastic foundation approach, and the need for multiple experimental measurements of DCB compliance and crack length. The corrections are, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, completely new. Verification cases based on numerical simulation are presented to demonstrate the utility of the corrections.

The effect of vibratory conditioning on tensile strength and microstructure of 1018 mild steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Suresh Bade ◽  
Srinivasa Rao P. ◽  
Govinda Rao P.
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Fusion Zone ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weld Defects

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prominence of mechanical excitations at the time of welding. In the past years, the process of welding technology has expanded its influence in manufacturing. The crucial drawback of conventional welding is prompted by internal stresses and distortions, which is the focal reason for weld defects. These weld defects can be diminished by the process called post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), which consumes more working hours and needs skilled workers. To replace these PWHT processes, mechanical vibrations are introduced during the process of welding to diminish these weld defects. Design/methodology/approach In the current research, the mechanical vibrations are transferred to weld-pool through vibro-motor and DC motor connected to the electrode. As per standards, the tensile test specimens were prepared for welding with different voltages of vibro-motor and DC motor respectively. The weld joints were tested for tensile strength and analyzed the microstructure at the fusion zone. Findings Melt-ability at fusion zone of 1018 mild steel was investigated by the single-stroke intense heat process of fusion welding. It is observed that the mechanical vibrations technique has a profound influence on the enhancement of the fusion zone characteristics and grain structure. The peak value of the tensile strength is observed at 100 s of vibration, 190 V of vibro-motor voltage and 18 V of electrode voltage. The tensile strength of the welded joints with vibrations is increased up to 22.64% when it is compared with conventional welding. The enhancement of the tensile strength of the weld bead was obtained because of the formation of fine grain structure. So, mechanical vibrations are identified as the most convenient method for improving the mild steel alloys weld quality. Originality/value A novel approach called mechanical vibrations during the process of welding is implemented for fusion zone refinement.

Effect of education on migration decisions in Ghana: a rural-urban perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Amuakwa-Mensah ◽  
Louis Boakye-Yiadom ◽  
William Baah-Boateng
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Migration Decision ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Migration Decisions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of education on migration decisions focusing on rural and urban in-migrants by comparing the 2005/2006 and 2012/2013 rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS5 and GLSS6). After correcting for selectivity bias, the authors observed that anticipated welfare gain and socio-economic variables such as sector of employment, sex, experience, age, educational level and marital status significantly affect an individual’s migration decision. Design/methodology/approach – The authors made use of Sjaastad’s (1962) human capital framework as a basis for examining the impact of education on migration. The migration decision equation was based on the Heckman two stage procedure. Findings – While educational attainment is observed to have a positive effect on migration decision in the period 2005/2006, the authors find a negative effect of educational attainment on migration decision in the period 2012/2013. The effect of educational attainment on migration decision in 2005/2006 for urban in-migrant is higher than the effect for rural in-migrant, with its significance varying for the different stages of educational attainment. In absolute terms, whereas the effect of secondary educational attainment on migration decisions for urban in-migrant is higher than that of rural in-migrant, the reverse holds for higher educational attainment during the period 2012/2013. Social implications – Based on the mixed effect of education on migration decision as evident from the study, policies to enhance the educational system in Ghana should be complemented with job creations in the entire country. Moreover, special attention should be given to the rural sector in such a way that the jobs to be created in the sector do not require skilled workers. With quality education and job creation, the welfare of individuals living in urban and rural areas will be enhanced. Originality/value – In spite of the importance of education in migration decisions, there is scanty literature on the rural-urban dimension. To the best of the author’s knowledge there is no literature in the Ghanaian context which examines the rural and urban perspective of the impact of education on migration with a much recent data. Further, the author consider how the determinants of migration decision have changed over time focusing on rural and urban perspectives.

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