Neurodevelopment in the first three years: implications for child development, professional practice and policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danya Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline brain structure and development, the relationship between environment and brain development and implications for practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a selected review of the literature and clinical experience. Findings – While genetics determine the sequence of brain maturation, the nature of brain development and functioning is determined by the young child's caregiving environment, to which the developing brain constantly adapts. The absence of input during sensitive periods may lead to later reduced functioning. There is an undoubted immediate equivalence between every mind function – emotion, cognition, behaviour and brain activity, although the precise location of this in the brain is only very partially determinable, since brain connections and function are extremely complex. Originality/value – This paper provides an overview of key issues in neurodevelopment relating to the development of young children, and implications for policy and practice.

Brain Interconnections

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2059-2067
Author(s):  
Alejandro Dueñas ◽  
Juan Carlos Aldaz Rosas ◽  
Francisco Jiménez Hernández ◽  
M. M. A. Ortiz Caloca
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Lumped Elements ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
Very High Frequencies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

The interaction brain-machine is now an indissoluble fact. The repercussions this fact will have in future are presently unimaginable. As mentioned in [1] the nerve axon can now be modeled by a cable or a planar high speed interconnection, no matter what kind of interconnection will be used.  The brain development is clearly shown in a stupendous book of the SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE treating the brain and the nervous system. An extraction of the brain development chapter is here included to show the relationship among the physiological brain connections [2] and the high speed electrical connections [1]. On the other hand, because of the massive volume of information storage now a day the synchronization clock speeds are all in the range of GHz almost reaching the THz. At these very high frequencies the behavior of the interconnects are more like that of a transmission line, and hence distortion, delay, and phase shift-effects caused by phenomena like cross talk, ringing, and overshoot are present and may be undesirable for the performance of a circuit or system. Thus, the interconnects do not have to be considered like simple conductors or lumped elements. All this gives rise to a new emerging discipline known as signal integrity. This discipline is extremely important to maintain the signal quality on microstrip circuits [3]. In this discipline the correct timing and signal quality preservation preventing transients and false switching are studied in order to avoid excessive delays.

Mortal Body, Immortal Mind

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Hans Goller
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Body Experiences ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Near Death Experiences ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Alternative Theories

Neuroscientists keep telling us that the brain produces consciousness and consciousness does not survive brain death because it ceases when brain activity ceases. Research findings on near-death-experiences during cardiac arrest contradict this widely held conviction. They raise perplexing questions with regard to our current understanding of the relationship between consciousness and brain functions. Reports on veridical perceptions during out-of-body experiences suggest that consciousness may be experienced independently of a functioning brain and that self-consciousness may continue even after the termination of brain activity. Data on studies of near-death-experiences could be an incentive to develop alternative theories of the body-mind relation as seen in contemporary neuroscience.

scholarly journals Microglia, Cytokines, and Neural Activity: Unexpected Interactions in Brain Development and Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Ferro ◽  
Yohan S. S. Auguste ◽  
Lucas Cheadle
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Intercellular signaling molecules such as cytokines and their receptors enable immune cells to communicate with one another and their surrounding microenvironments. Emerging evidence suggests that the same signaling pathways that regulate inflammatory responses to injury and disease outside of the brain also play powerful roles in brain development, plasticity, and function. These observations raise the question of how the same signaling molecules can play such distinct roles in peripheral tissues compared to the central nervous system, a system previously thought to be largely protected from inflammatory signaling. Here, we review evidence that the specialized roles of immune signaling molecules such as cytokines in the brain are to a large extent shaped by neural activity, a key feature of the brain that reflects active communication between neurons at synapses. We discuss the known mechanisms through which microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, respond to increases and decreases in activity by engaging classical inflammatory signaling cascades to assemble, remodel, and eliminate synapses across the lifespan. We integrate evidence from (1) in vivo imaging studies of microglia-neuron interactions, (2) developmental studies across multiple neural circuits, and (3) molecular studies of activity-dependent gene expression in microglia and neurons to highlight the specific roles of activity in defining immune pathway function in the brain. Given that the repurposing of signaling pathways across different tissues may be an important evolutionary strategy to overcome the limited size of the genome, understanding how cytokine function is established and maintained in the brain could lead to key insights into neurological health and disease.

The relationship between the level of a corporation’s public disclosure of its managerial values and its level of organizational authenticity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Neher ◽  
Alfred Wong ◽  
Morgan P. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Maturity Model ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Corporate Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Managerial Values ◽  
Public Corporations ◽  
Espoused Values ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This study aims to explore if corporations that publicly disclose more information about their managerial values are also more organizationally authentic in enacting these values. Design/methodology/approach A maturity model of managerial values is used that ordinally ranks a corporation’s level of managerial values enactment using corporate annual reports. The samples of corporations’ corporate reports are qualitatively content analyzed, and the outcomes are statistically tested. Findings The findings indicate that as an organization voluntarily discloses more information about its corporate values, it tends to be more likely to enact their espoused values, and their corporation’s level of organizational authenticity increases. Originality/value This study suggests an approach to benchmark a corporation’s level of organizational authenticity using public information, and by doing so, contributes to both policy and practice by offering a framework to compare organizational authenticity between public corporations by their sector, size or the age of the corporation.

scholarly journals Recording brain activities in unshielded Earth’s field with optically pumped atomic magnetometers

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. eaba8792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Wei Xiao ◽  
Yudong Ding ◽  
Yulong Feng ◽  
Xiang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Optically Pumped ◽  
Field Noise ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the relationship between brain activity and specific mental function is important for medical diagnosis of brain symptoms, such as epilepsy. Magnetoencephalography (MEG), which uses an array of high-sensitivity magnetometers to record magnetic field signals generated from neural currents occurring naturally in the brain, is a noninvasive method for locating the brain activities. The MEG is normally performed in a magnetically shielded room. Here, we introduce an unshielded MEG system based on optically pumped atomic magnetometers. We build an atomic magnetic gradiometer, together with feedback methods, to reduce the environment magnetic field noise. We successfully observe the alpha rhythm signals related to closed eyes and clear auditory evoked field signals in unshielded Earth’s field. Combined with improvements in the miniaturization of the atomic magnetometer, our method is promising to realize a practical wearable and movable unshielded MEG system and bring new insights into medical diagnosis of brain symptoms.

scholarly journals No Detectable Electroencephalographic Activity After Clinical Declaration of Death Among Tibetan Buddhist Meditators in Apparent Tukdam, a Putative Postmortem Meditation State

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan T. Lott ◽  
Tenzin Yeshi ◽  
N. Norchung ◽  
Sonam Dolma ◽  
Nyima Tsering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Brainstem Response ◽  
The University ◽  
Electroencephalographic Activity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Early Postmortem

Recent EEG studies on the early postmortem interval that suggest the persistence of electrophysiological coherence and connectivity in the brain of animals and humans reinforce the need for further investigation of the relationship between the brain’s activity and the dying process. Neuroscience is now in a position to empirically evaluate the extended process of dying and, more specifically, to investigate the possibility of brain activity following the cessation of cardiac and respiratory function. Under the direction of the Center for Healthy Minds at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, research was conducted in India on a postmortem meditative state cultivated by some Tibetan Buddhist practitioners in which decomposition is putatively delayed. For all healthy baseline (HB) and postmortem (PM) subjects presented here, we collected resting state electroencephalographic data, mismatch negativity (MMN), and auditory brainstem response (ABR). In this study, we present HB data to demonstrate the feasibility of a sparse electrode EEG configuration to capture well-defined ERP waveforms from living subjects under very challenging field conditions. While living subjects displayed well-defined MMN and ABR responses, no recognizable EEG waveforms were discernable in any of the tukdam cases.

A Memória de Longo Prazo e a Análise Sobre sua Função no Processo de Aprendizagem

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Lia Almeida Mapurunga ◽  
Elcyana Bezerra Elcyana Bezerra Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Bibliographical Survey ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

A neurociência é uma ciência natural que estuda a função e a estrutura, que compõem o cérebro. A educação, embora tenha outra natureza, tem tido muitos benefícios com as contribuições que a neurociência tem para oferecer. Como o cérebro aprende e por que aprende traz para o ensino o objetivo e a função de criar condições (entre estratégias, recursos e adequação do meio), para que ocorra a aprendizagem. E, para que essa ocorra, é necessário que as funções mentais superiores, como a memória, estejam envolvidas. O objetivo deste estudo consiste em fazer uma revisão de literatura para conhecer a função da memória de longo prazo na aprendizagem, analisar os mecanismos neurobiológicos, que ocorrem durante esse processo e algumas estratégias de aprendizagem, que se utilizam da memória como recurso. Para isso, foi realizado no período de agosto a outubro de 2016, um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados Scielo, Capes, Bireme e Google Acadêmico, buscando artigos científicos, que poderiam trazer alguma contribuição na construção dessa pesquisa. Foram selecionados, preferencialmente, os que continham enfoque na relação entre aprendizagem e memória, tanto na perspectiva da neurociência, quanto da psicologia cognitiva, trazendo argumentos que pudessem  comprovar o entendimento das estratégias de aprendizagem, a partir da memória de longo prazo. Também foram selecionados livros que apresentavam apoio às temáticas discorridas para esse trabalho, possibilitando essa relação. Os resultados apontam que estratégias de aprendizagens, que utilizam a memória, produzem efeitos positivos para a retenção de longo prazo.Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem. Neurociências. Estratégias de Aprendizagem.AbstractNeuroscience is a natural science that studies the function and structure that forms the brain. Although education has another nature, it has had many benefits from the contributions that neuroscience has to offer. How the brain learns and why it learns brings to teaching the intent and function to create conditions (among strategies, resources and suitability to the environment) so that learning can happen. And, for it to occur, it is  necessary that higher mental functions, such as memory, beinvolved. The purpose of this study is to do a literature review to get to know the function of long-term memory on the learning process, to analyze the neurobiological mechanisms that happen during that process, and some learning strategies that use memory as a resource. Therefore a bibliographical survey was conducted at the databases Scielo, Capes, Bireme and Academic Google, from August to October 2016, searching for scientific articles that could contribute somehow on the construction of this research. The articles that used the neuroscience perspective or the cognitive psychology to focus on the relationship  between learning and memory were chosen, preferentially those whose arguments could prove the  learning strategies understanding about he long-term memory. Books supporting the themes discussed for this work were also selected, creating, therefore, a relationship. The results show that learning strategies that use memory have positive effects for long-term retention.Keywords: Learning. Neuroscience. Learning Strategies.

scholarly journals Multi-Hops Functional Connectivity Improves Individual Prediction of Fusiform Face Activation via a Graph Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongya Wu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Jun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Brain connectivity plays an important role in determining the brain region’s function. Previous researchers proposed that the brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s input and output connectivity profiles. Following this proposal, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between connectivity and function. However, this proposal only utilizes direct connectivity profiles and thus is deficient in explaining individual differences in the brain region’s function. To overcome this problem, we proposed that a brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s multi-hops connectivity profile. To test this proposal, we used multi-hops functional connectivity to predict the individual face activation of the right fusiform face area (rFFA) via a multi-layer graph neural network and showed that the prediction performance is essentially improved. Results also indicated that the two-layer graph neural network is the best in characterizing rFFA’s face activation and revealed a hierarchical network for the face processing of rFFA.

scholarly journals Regions and Connections: Complementary Approaches to Characterize Brain Organization and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Horien ◽  
Abigail S. Greene ◽  
R. Todd Constable ◽  
Dustin Scheinost
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Relative Utility ◽  
And Function ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has proved to be a powerful tool to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of human brain activity. Analysis methods broadly fall into two camps: those summarizing properties of a region and those measuring interactions among regions. Here we pose an unappreciated question in the field: What are the strengths and limitations of each approach to study fundamental neural processes? We explore the relative utility of region- and connection-based measures in the context of three topics of interest: neurobiological relevance, brain-behavior relationships, and individual differences in brain organization. In each section, we offer illustrative examples. We hope that this discussion offers a novel and useful framework to support efforts to better understand the macroscale functional organization of the brain and how it relates to behavior.

Induced Theta Activity as a Biomarker for a Morbid Effect of Alcoholism on the Brain in Long-Term Abstinent Alcoholics

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey S. Gilmore ◽  
George Fein
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Target Stimulus ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Theta Activity ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Event-related, target stimulus-phase-locked (evoked) brain activity in both the time and time-frequency (TF) domains (the P3b ERP; evoked theta oscillations) has been shown to be reduced in alcoholics. Recently, studies have suggested that there is alcohol-related information in the non-stimulus-phase-locked (induced) theta TF activity. We applied TF analysis to target stimulus event-related EEG recorded during an oddball task from 41 long-term abstinent alcoholics (LTAA) and 74 nonalcoholic controls (NAC) to investigate the relationship between P3b, evoked theta, and induced theta activity. Results showed that an event-related synchronization (ERS) of induced theta (1) was larger in LTAA compared to NAC, and (2) was sensitive to differences between LTAA and NAC groups that was independent of the differences accounted for by P3b amplitude or evoked theta. These findings suggest that increased induced theta ERS may likely be a biomarker for a morbid effect of alcohol abuse on brain function.

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