Kenya’s ICJ exit will entrench Somali border dispute

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Headline KENYA/SOMALIA: ICJ exit will entrench border dispute

Subject Security strategy shift. Significance On January 5, President Jimmy Morales announced plans to withdraw the military from civilian security duties by the end of 2017. The security policy shift comes amid indications that crime rates are beginning to fall. However, a reduction of the military’s presence on the streets will see the bulk of security duties fall upon the police force, which continues to struggle with allegations of corruption and may be ill prepared for the task ahead. Impacts The government’s apparent confidence in declining crime rates will be well received by potential investors. Should it be successful, the move may encourage similar policies in neighbouring countries that struggle with violent crime. The military’s renewed focus on conventional duties may be a warning to Belize in the countries’ border dispute.


Subject The outlook for offshore oil. Significance A recent offshore oil and gas find has given Guyana hope of becoming a significant oil producer. However, while this and an earlier find are encouraging and further exploration is planned, the current uncertain economic environment and fluctuating oil prices suggest that bringing these finds into production is not guaranteed. Impacts Oil exploration activity may prompt a flare-up of the continuing border dispute with Venezuela. A major offshore oil find would have a very significant impact on Guyana's GDP of some 4 billion dollars. However, over-optimism could lead to borrowing against an expected future windfall, or the temptation to prioritise 'vanity' projects.


Subject China-India border dispute at the tri-junction with Bhutan. Significance The current border spat between China and India over disputed territory on the Doklam plateau began in early June. On August 2, Beijing issued a new 15-page bulletin -- which Delhi has indicated it will ignore -- demanding the 'unconditional withdrawal' of the Indian Army from its current position. Neither side will wish to be seen 'backing down', and brinkmanship inevitably brings the risk of violence. Impacts India may express stronger opposition to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. As China's military relationship with Pakistan deepens, any Indian conflict with Pakistan could prompt intervention by China. India will bolster its diplomatic ties with Japan and Australia.


Subject The Guatemala-Belize bilateral relationship. Significance On December 17, the governments of Guatemala and Belize signed 13 agreements to boost economic and security cooperation. Common challenges, chiefly violent crime and joint economic development, are driving closer cooperation, while a boundary dispute that has soured bilateral relations for decades remains unresolved. Impacts The border dispute will remain encapsulated in order to allow a common approach to economic development in border areas. Mobility of workers and students between the two countries will increase. Both countries will also work towards regional initiatives regarding the combating of organised crime.


Subject Chinese investment in India. Significance China is one of the fastest-growing sources of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India. The two countries are trying to stabilise bilateral relations that deteriorated after a tense 73-day border dispute in mid-2017. Impacts Chinese companies’ demand for Mandarin-speaking manpower in India will rise. With India having launched e-business visas for Chinese nationals, cross-border business trips will increase. Delhi’s deepening security relationship with Washington, Tokyo and Canberra will prompt distrust in Beijing.


Subject New leadership in Ingushetia. Significance The new interim leader of Ingushetia, Mahmud-Ali Kalimatov, sacked seven of his predecessor's advisers on July 3, in an early move to establish his authority. Yunus-Bek Yevkurov's departure after more than a decade in charge of Ingushetia creates another challenge for the Kremlin in managing the complex and sometimes volatile North Caucasus. Moscow moved deliberately and waited for relative calm in Ingushetia before acting. Inadequate governance is a problem across Russia but can be explosive in the North Caucasian context. Impacts The appointment of ethnic Russian Mikhail Korobkov as Ingush interior minister is intended to enhance Moscow's control. Ingushetia is likely to see anti-corruption arrests (the Russian narrative) or a witch-hunt of Yevkurov's relatives (the Ingush reading). In another long-standing border dispute, the North Ossetian leadership is refusing to negotiate with Ingushetia.


Significance The stand-off has reactivated historical tensions over a slice of territory known as the al-Fashaga triangle, which is historically claimed by Sudan but has been cultivated for decades by Ethiopian farmers. Impacts The dispute may deepen mistrust in ongoing negotiations between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. The tensions could offer a lifeline for embattled TPLF fighters, especially if Ethiopian troops are redeployed to the Sudanese border. Regional offers of mediation are unlikely to gain traction, at least over the short term.


Significance The visit follows the Indian parliament's approval on May 7 of a plan to settle a long-running border dispute with Bangladesh. The legislation had originally been opposed by Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on nationalist grounds. The party's turnabout signals Modi's desire to assert India's regional leadership in the face of an ascendant China. Impacts Bound by austerity, Indian public sector investment in Bangladesh will fail to match China's. Chinese financing for key regional ports -- Chittagong, Gwadar and Hambantota -- will intensify Indian fears of encirclement. Pakistan-India ties have cooled after a promising start under Modi last year, placing a breakthrough out of reach for now.


Significance In the 1990s, Beijing offered a ‘package solution’ whereby Bhutan would relinquish control of land abutting certain areas of the Bhutan-China border in return for territory in other parts. Bhutan and its key partner, India, rejected it, but the kingdom now says it wants discussion of all disputed areas. Impacts India and China will ramp up military infrastructure along their mutual border. China will step up economic overtures to India’s South Asian partners as a means of undercutting Delhi’s regional influence. Bhutan’s government will face growing pressure domestically to pursue an independent foreign policy, rather than one dominated by Delhi.


Significance Nevertheless, Somalia has insisted that no specific agreements were made on the border dispute itself. Impacts While the parties have already submitted their cases, the ICJ is yet to set a hearing date and a final judgment could still take years. While offshore oil potential is believed significant, commercial reserves are not proven and past exploration inland has disappointed. Investors are unlikely to make any financial commitments to the oil prospects in question until the dispute is conclusively resolved.


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