Reduced Sahel state violence may mask worrying trends

Headline SAHEL: Reduced state violence may mask worrying trends

Significance The government claims opposition factions linked to Guaido are behind the upsurge of ‘GEDO’ violence (Grupo Estructurado de Delincuencia Organizada, or Structured Organised Crime Group). Efforts by security forces to ‘stabilise’ GEDO-dominated communities may portend an upsurge in state violence. Impacts The Haitian president’s killing has strengthened the government narrative of externally orchestrated mercenary warfare. Concerns about state decomposition in Venezuela will add urgency to international efforts at successful dialogue. An already weakened Guaido is on the back foot following Guevara’s arrest and lacks the authority to enforce any negotiated outcomes.


Significance Protests against President Enrique Pena Nieto's education reforms have intensified since June 19, when at least eight people were killed and more than 100 were injured in clashes with federal police in Oaxaca. While the CNTE and the government are in talks, they have so far failed to reach any meaningful agreements. The union has called for protests in other states where it is influential, such as Chiapas, Michoacan and Guerrero, as well as in Mexico City. Impacts The situation gives Lopez Obrador and Morena another platform on which to campaign ahead of 2018. The EPR's pledge of support for the CNTE raises the likelihood of further violence during the protests. The overlapping interests of the CNTE and its allies will polarise the situation further, making any solution more difficult.


Subject Prospects for Mexico and Central America in 2016. Significance Mexico and Central America will weather the economic slowdown that is affecting many emerging economies in 2016, with most countries doing well by broader regional standards. Security and governance are causes for concern regionwide. Both criminal and state violence will be major issues in Mexico and northern Central America, with increasing migration giving organised crime groups opportunities to diversify and potentially spread south, and heavy-handed policing exacerbating insecurity. Border security issues have the potential to strain relations between countries, while allegations of corruption will challenge governments, with numerous politicians potentially facing trial.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Guych Nuryyev ◽  
Charles Hickson

Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of the crude oil price crash of 2014 on corruption decentralisation. In a corrupt state, a significant decrease in the state revenue might lead to concentration of power in the hands of the political elite who try to maintain their income, or to a weakening of the elite’s control as the bureaucrats compete for bribes. Design/methodology/approach Crude oil price crash provides a rare opportunity to test the effect of reduced state revenue on corruption decentralisation. This study constructs a measure for corruption decentralisation and analyses how it is affected by state income in 18 resource-rich and corrupt states. Findings The empirical model suggests that there is a positive relationship between corruption decentralisation and state oil and gas revenue, implying that as the revenue decreases, political elite in the exporting countries manage to maintain their control over the bureaucrats. Originality/value The results are important for academics as well as for policymakers, as they allow adjustment of anti-corruption efforts based on the level of corruption decentralisation.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Carraro ◽  
Sarah Kelly ◽  
José Luis Vargas ◽  
Patricio Melillanca ◽  
José Miguel Valdés-Negroni

PurposeThe authors use media research and crowdsourced mapping to document how the first wave of the pandemic (April–August 2020) affected the Mapuche, focussing on seven categories of events: territorial control, spiritual defence, food sovereignty, traditional health practices, political violence, territorial needs and solidarity, and extractivist expansion.Design/methodology/approachResearch on the effects of the pandemic on the Mapuche and their territories is lacking; the few existing studies focus on death and infection rates but overlook how the pandemic interacts with ongoing processes of extractivism, state violence and community resistance. The authors’ pilot study addresses this gap through a map developed collaboratively by disaster scholars and Mapuche journalists.FindingsThe map provides a spatial and chronological overview of this period, highlighting the interconnections between the pandemic and neocolonialism. As examples, the authors focus on two phenomena: the creation of “health barriers” to ensure local territorial control and the state-supported expansion of extractive industries during the first months of the lockdown.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors intersperse our account of the project with reflections on its limitations and, specifically, on how colonial formations shape the research. Decolonising disaster studies and disaster risk reduction practice, the authors argue, is an ongoing process, bound to be flawed and incomplete but nevertheless an urgent pursuit.Originality/valueIn making this argument, the paper responds to the Disaster Studies Manifesto that inspires this special issue, taking up its invitation to scholars to be more reflexive about their research practice and to frame their investigations through grounded perspectives.


Significance Persistent physical crackdowns against the country’s largest Shia group, and Abuja's refusal thus far to hear Zakzaky’s testimony at a forthcoming presidential panel investigating military violence against civilians, presents a serious potential flashpoint for the federal government. Impacts Despite posing little direct threat to the state, violence against IMN protests will persist. Human rights groups will use persecution of IMN members to further undermine Western backing for the Nigerian military. Unfounded fears of Shia violence will focus local resources away from more pressing priorities -- such as pastoralist-farmer conflicts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianmaria Valent

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the disruption and reconfiguration of the territorial organisation of the central Italian town of L’Aquila resulting from actions taken by the special commissioner, a plenipotentiary official appointed by the central government, during the ten-month emergency period following the 2009 earthquake. The study attempts to determine how during the commissioner’s short tenure the territory of L’Aquila was restructured for many years to come. Design/methodology/approach The paper discusses two major issues: first, the short-term reconfiguration of the territorial organisation through mixed operative centres (Centri Operativi Misti, henceforth COMs); and, second, the long-term fragmentation of the physical and social fabric of the town through the resettlement of thousands of families in 19 semi-permanent housing developments located in outlying, rural areas of the municipality. The methods adopted were both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative methods involved in-depth examination of official documents and interviews with key witnesses such as local administrators, citizens and activists. Quantitative methods included the GIS analysis of spatial and census data to assess changes in population after the earthquake. Findings The most significant finding of this study concerns the COMs and their misuse as a tool of centralised, authoritarian governance. Analysis of the territory’s reorganisation revealed that the model of emergency management followed in L’Aquila, far from taking into account unique features of the local population and territory, was hetero-centred and consistent with neoliberal thought. Understanding violence to be an unfolding process, the author argues that such a model of management can be seen as an application of state violence. Originality/value This paper adds a new case study to the discussion of the role of the state and the application of neoliberal policies in disaster recovery. The main originality of the paper lies in its focus on COMs and their peculiar use as a tool for implementing an authoritarian model of disaster management.


2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2236-2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Persson ◽  
Reine Vindebro ◽  
Ulrich von Pawel-Rammingen

ABSTRACTThe human bacterial pathogenStreptococcus pyogeneshas developed a broad variety of virulence mechanisms to evade the actions of the host immune defense. One of the best-characterized factors is the streptococcal cysteine protease SpeB, an important multifunctional protease that contributes to group A streptococcal pathogenesisin vivo. Among many suggested activities, SpeB has been described to degrade various human plasma proteins, including immunoglobulins (Igs). In this study, we show that SpeB has no Ig-cleaving activity under physiological conditions and that only Igs in a reduced state, i.e., semimonomeric molecules, are cleaved and degraded by SpeB. Since reducing conditions outside eukaryotic cells have to be considered nonphysiological and IgG in a reduced state lacks biological effector functions, we conclude that SpeB does not contribute toS. pyogenesvirulence through the proteolytic degradation of Igs.


Author(s):  
Markus Neumayer ◽  
Thomas Bretterklieber ◽  
Matthias Flatscher ◽  
Stefan Puttinger

Purpose Inverse problems are often marked by highly dimensional state vectors. The high dimension affects the quality of the estimation result as well as the computational complexity of the estimation problem. This paper aims to present a state reduction technique based on prior knowledge. Design/methodology/approach Ill-posed inverse problems require prior knowledge to find a stable solution. The prior distribution is constructed for the high-dimensional data space. The authors use the prior distribution to construct a reduced state description based on a lower-dimensional basis, which they derive from the prior distribution. The approach is tested for the inverse problem of electrical capacitance tomography. Findings Based on a singular value decomposition of a sample-based prior distribution, a reduced state model can be constructed, which is based on principal components of the prior distribution. The approximation error of the reduced basis is evaluated, showing good behavior with respect to the achievable data reduction. Owing to the structure, the reduced state representation can be applied within existing algorithms. Practical implications The full state description is a linear function of the reduced state description. The reduced basis can be used within any existing reconstruction algorithm. Increased noise robustness has been found for the application of the reduced state description in a back projection-type reconstruction algorithm. Originality/value The paper presents the construction of a prior-based state reduction technique. Several applications of the reduced state description are discussed, reaching from the use in deterministic reconstruction methods up to proposal generation for computational Bayesian inference, e.g. Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.


Author(s):  
Jeeyun Oh ◽  
Mun-Young Chung ◽  
Sangyong Han

Despite of the popularity of interactive movie trailers, rigorous research on one of the most apparent features of these interfaces – the level of user control – has been scarce. This study explored the effects of user control on users’ immersion and enjoyment of the movie trailers, moderated by the content type. We conducted a 2 (high user control versus low user control) × 2 (drama film trailer versus documentary film trailer) mixed-design factorial experiment. The results showed that the level of user control over movie trailer interfaces decreased users’ immersion when the trailer had an element of traditional story structure, such as a drama film trailer. Participants in the high user control condition answered that they were less fascinated with, absorbed in, focused on, mentally involved with, and emotionally affected by the movie trailer than participants in the low user control condition only with the drama movie trailer. The negative effects of user control on the level of immersion for the drama trailer translated into users’ enjoyment. The impact of user control over interfaces on immersion and enjoyment varies depending on the nature of the media content, which suggests a possible trade-off between the level of user control and entertainment outcomes.


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