Chapter 3 Internal Controls, Decentralization, and Performance

Using a sample of bank-years from 2005 to 2017, we examine the effect of internal control quality on future risk-taking and performance. We find that banks that disclose a material weakness in internal controls have higher risk-taking and worse performance in the future, including having a higher (lower) likelihood of experiencing large losses (gains). These findings suggest that weak controls increase (reduce) downside (upside) risk-taking or conversely that strong controls increase (reduce) upside (downside) risk-taking. Path analyses suggest that 22.3 to 43.7 percent of the effect of internal control quality on future performance is through risk-taking. Additionally, material weaknesses are negatively associated with total asset, loan, interest income, and non-interest income growth, suggesting that internal control quality affects both core and non-core activities of banks. Overall, results suggest that strong internal controls improve bank risk-taking, in part through asymmetrically reducing downside risk-taking while facilitating upside risk-taking, ultimately improving bank performance.

Download Full-text

Internal Controls and Performance of Selected Tertiary Institutions in Ekiti State: A Committee of Sponsoring Organisations (COSO) Framework Approach

International Journal of Financial Research ◽

10.5430/ijfr.v11n1p405 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 405

Author(s):

Gideon Tayo Akinleye ◽

Adebola Daniel Kolawole

Keyword(s):

Internal Control ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Internal Controls ◽

Primary Data ◽

Control Environment ◽

Organisational Performance ◽

Tertiary Institutions ◽

Framework Approach ◽

And Performance ◽

Positive Effect

This study examined the effect of internal controls on performance of selected tertiary institutions in Ekiti state using a committee of sponsoring organisations (COSO) framework approach. The study employed a survey research design. Primary data were obtained and analysed using multiple regression analysis. Findings from the study showed that the overall influence of COSO components of internal control on performance of selected tertiary institutions in Ekiti state was significantly positive. However, Control activities (CA) (t =2.487, p=0.013 <0.05), Information & communication (IFC) (t=7.195, p=0.000 < 0.05) and Monitoring activities (MA) (t=4.809, p=0.000 < 0.05) had significant and positive influence on organisational performance of the selected tertiary institutions while Control environment (CE) (t =0.569, p=0.570 > 0.05) and Risk assessment (RA) (t=0.446, p=0.656 > 0.05) had positive but insignificant effect on organisational performance of the selected tertiary institutions. The study concluded that internal control had a positive effect on performance and was statistically significant in explaining performance of selected tertiary institutions in Ekiti state. The study thus recommended that those charged with governance in tertiary institutions should strengthen the highlighted components of internal controls.

Download Full-text

The Effectiveness of Internal Controls in Rural Community Banks: Evidence from Ghana

Business Management and Strategy ◽

10.5296/bms.v10i1.15003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Du Jianguo ◽

Rauf Ibrahim ◽

Peter Lartey Yao ◽

Rupa Jaladi Santosh ◽

Amponsah Clinton Kwabena

Keyword(s):

Rural Community ◽

Internal Control ◽

Internal Controls ◽

Control Element ◽

Community Banks ◽

Corporate Scandals ◽

Quantitative Results ◽

Business Establishment ◽

Bank Employees ◽

And Performance

Internal control is relevant in every business establishment, though its presence may not be a guarantee that fraud and corporate scandals would cease to occur. From the rural banking communities in Ghana, this study examines the significance of internal control element on the performance of elected rural banks. The statistical analysis and inferential judgment is based on the responses gathered from 650 bank employees on the functioning of internal controls. Based on the quantitative results and analysis, the study found a highly significant relationship between internal controls and performance of banks with respect to the principles prescribed by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission framework –COSO. There exist a very strong internal control systems in the rural banks of Ghana, however monitoring, control activities and issues of corporate governance need to be addressed.

Download Full-text

Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance in SMEs: Empirical Evidence from Cameroon

Business and Economic Research ◽

10.5296/ber.v11i3.18986 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Ateufack Djogho Ramecesse

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Firm Performance ◽

Internal Controls ◽

Policy Recommendations ◽

Mediating Effects ◽

Firm Financial Performance ◽

Corporate Governance Codes ◽

And Performance ◽

Corporate Social ◽

Csr Engagement

We examined the mediating effects of corporate governance and image on CSR and performance link. We find CSR positive related to firm performance but insignificant. We further established CSR and FP are positive and insignificant without the existence of CI and CG but becomes significant with the inclusion of both mediating variables. Therefore, corporate governance codes and principles should be enhanced in Cameroon, since CSR engagement helps in better governance practice through establishing good internal controls and monitoring that ultimately enhances a firm financial performance. Several policy recommendations were discussed.

Download Full-text

Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Analysis with the Siemens ELMISKOP 101

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095509 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

H. M. Thieringer

Keyword(s):

Objective Lens ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Image Recording ◽

Mode Of Operation ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

And Performance ◽

Convergent Beam ◽

Ray Path ◽

Beam Diffraction

It has repeatedly been show that with conventional electron microscopes very fine electron probes can be produced, therefore allowing various micro-techniques such as micro recording, X-ray microanalysis and convergent beam diffraction. In this paper the function and performance of an SIEMENS ELMISKOP 101 used as a scanning transmission microscope (STEM) is described. This mode of operation has some advantages over the conventional transmission microscopy (CTEM) especially for the observation of thick specimen, in spite of somewhat longer image recording times.Fig.1 shows schematically the ray path and the additional electronics of an ELMISKOP 101 working as a STEM. With a point-cathode, and using condensor I and the objective lens as a demagnifying system, an electron probe with a half-width ob about 25 Å and a typical current of 5.10-11 amp at 100 kV can be obtained in the back focal plane of the objective lens.

Download Full-text

Angular Resolved Electron Spectroscopy with Parallel Recording

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100135459 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 370-371

Author(s):

Huang Min ◽

P.S. Flora ◽

C.J. Harland ◽

J.A. Venables

Keyword(s):

Electron Spectroscopy ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Solid Angle ◽

Detection System ◽

Voltage Electron ◽

Cylindrical Mirror ◽

Inner Radius ◽

Channel Plate ◽

And Performance ◽

Type Detector

A cylindrical mirror analyser (CMA) has been built with a parallel recording detection system. It is being used for angular resolved electron spectroscopy (ARES) within a SEM. The CMA has been optimised for imaging applications; the inner cylinder contains a magnetically focused and scanned, 30kV, SEM electron-optical column. The CMA has a large inner radius (50.8mm) and a large collection solid angle (Ω > 1sterad). An energy resolution (ΔE/E) of 1-2% has been achieved. The design and performance of the combination SEM/CMA instrument has been described previously and the CMA and detector system has been used for low voltage electron spectroscopy. Here we discuss the use of the CMA for ARES and present some preliminary results.The CMA has been designed for an axis-to-ring focus and uses an annular type detector. This detector consists of a channel-plate/YAG/mirror assembly which is optically coupled to either a photomultiplier for spectroscopy or a TV camera for parallel detection.

Download Full-text

Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156985 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 1000-1001

Author(s):

Joe A. Mascorro ◽

Gerald S. Kirby

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Succinic Anhydride ◽

Volume Flow Rate ◽

Mass Density ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Volume Flow ◽

Base Resin ◽

And Performance ◽

Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Download Full-text

Trace nanoanalysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100172437 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 940-941

Author(s):

D. E. Newbury ◽

R. D. Leapman

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽

Detection Efficiency ◽

Volume Element ◽

And Performance ◽

Trace Constituents ◽

Secondary Ion ◽

Concentration Levels ◽

Structure Properties

Trace constituents, which can be very loosely defined as those present at concentration levels below 1 percent, often exert influence on structure, properties, and performance far greater than what might be estimated from their proportion alone. Defining the role of trace constituents in the microstructure, or indeed even determining their location, makes great demands on the available array of microanalytical tools. These demands become increasingly more challenging as the dimensions of the volume element to be probed become smaller. For example, a cubic volume element of silicon with an edge dimension of 1 micrometer contains approximately 5×1010 atoms. High performance secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to measure trace constituents to levels of hundreds of parts per billion from such a volume element (e. g., detection of at least 100 atoms to give 10% reproducibility with an overall detection efficiency of 1%, considering ionization, transmission, and counting).

Download Full-text