Hardness testing of lead-free solders: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Zamri Yahaya ◽  
Ahmad Azmin Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Vickers Microhardness ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Hardness Testing ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Test Configuration ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Lead Free Solders

Purpose This paper aims to cover the recent (2010-2016) techniques for carrying out hardness evaluation on lead-free solders. Details testing configuration/design were compiled and discussed accordingly to each of the measurement techniques: Vickers microhardness, Brinell microhardness and nanoindentation. Design/methodology/approach A brief introduction on lead-free solders and the concept of hardness testing has been described at the beginning of the review. Equipment setup, capabilities, test configuration and outcomes were presented for each technique and discussed in parallel along with the case studies from selected articles. Findings Comparison, outcomes and insight regarding each of the methods were highlighted to observe the recent trends, scientific challenges, limitations and probable breakthroughs of the particular hardness testing methods. Originality/value The compilation of latest reports, technical setup plus with the critics and perception from the authors are the main key value in this review. This provides an in-depth understanding and guidance for conducting hardness evaluation on lead-free solders.

Activation energy for Cu-Sn intermetallic in CNT-reinforced Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu solder

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Ramani Mayappan ◽  
Amirah Salleh ◽  
Nurul Atiqah Tokiran ◽  
N.A. Awang
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Solder Joint ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intermetallic Growth ◽  
Soldering Time ◽  
Lead Free Solders ◽  
Sac Solder

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the addition of 0.05 Wt.% carbon nanotube (CNT) into the Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC) solder on the intermetallic (IMC) growth. Lead-based solders play an important role in a variety of applications in electronic industries. Due to the toxicity of the lead in the solder, lead-free solders were proposed to replace the lead-based solders. Sn-Ag-Cu solder family is one of the lead-free solders, which are proposed and considered as a potential replacement. Unfortunately, the Sn-Ag-Cu solder faces some reliability problems because of the formation of the thick intermetallic compounds. So the retardation of intermetallic growth is prime important. Design/methodology/approach The solder joint was aged under liquid state aging with soldering time from 1 to 60 min. Findings Two types of intermetallics, which are Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The morphology of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic transformed from scallop to planar type as the soldering time increases. The addition of carbon nanotube into the SAC solder has retarded the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic growth rate by increasing its activation energy from 97.86 to 101.45 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the activation energy for the Cu3Sn growth has increased from 102.10 to 104.23 kJ/mol. Originality/value The increase in the activation energy indicates that the growth of the intermetallics was slower. This implies that the addition of carbon nanotube increases the reliability of the solder joint and are suitable for microelectronics applications.

Experimental and numerical fatigue life assessment of SAC305 solders subjected to combined temperature and harmonic vibration loadings

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Mohammad Gharaibeh
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Compound Layer ◽  
Harmonic Vibration ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Intermetallic Compound Layer ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vibration Loading ◽  
Lead Free Solders

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the fatigue life performance of SAC305 ball grid array solders under combined temperature and harmonic vibration loading conditions. Design/methodology/approach Fatigue tests were performed using a sine dwell with resonance tracking vibration and temperature loading experiment. Finite element stress analysis was also performed to help in understanding the observed failure trends. Findings Fatigue test results showed that the lead-free solders tend to fail quickly in higher temperatures and higher vibration loading test conditions. The failure analysis results revealed that in low temperatures, the solder cracks are initiated and propagated at the package side. However, in high temperatures, the cracks are observed at the board side of the interconnect. In all conditions, the cracks are propagated throughout the intermetallic compound layer. Originality/value In the published literature, there is a lack of data in the area of fatigue assessment of lead-free solders under combined temperature and vibration loadings. This paper provides useful insights into combined thermal/vibration fatigue, i.e. reliability behavior of lead-free solder joint types.

scholarly journals Network analysis: emergence, criticism and recent trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Kirschbaum
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Organizational Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Recent Trends

Purpose Network analysis is a well consolidated research area in several disciplines. Within management and organizational studies, network scholars consolidated a set of research practices that allowed ease of data collection, high inter case comparability, establishment of nomological laws and commitment to social capital motivation. This paper aims to elicit the criticism it has received and highlight the unsettled lacunae. Design/methodology/approach This paper sheds light on Network Analysis’s breakthroughs, while showing how its scholars innovated by responding to critics, and identifying outstanding debates. Findings The paper identifies and discusses three streams of criticism that are still outstanding: the role of human agency, the meaning of social ties and the treatment of temporality. Originality/value This paper brings to fore current debates within the Network Analysis community, highlighting areas where future studies might contribute.

A review: lead free solder and its wettability properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervina Efzan Mhd Noor ◽  
Nur Faziera Mhd Nasir ◽  
Siti Rabiatul Aisya Idris
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Electronic Packaging ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Lead Free Solder ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Free Solder

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to publish on the review of the lead free solder for electronic packaging. This involved the basic principles of the solder, the lead solder and its legislation and the lead free solder with its mechanism. In addition, this paper also reviews on the lead free solder characteristics that focused on its wettability. Design/methodology/approach This paper approach on the review of the solder wettability on the surface. It reviews on the solder especially on the contact angle and surface tension that is covered under the wettability of the solder. Findings This paper also reviews on the lead free solder characteristics that focused on its wettability. Originality/value This paper summarized finding from other researchers. The authors collect and summarize the useful data from other papers or journals. It is to create an understanding for the reader by discussion from the others research papers findings.

Prediction of viscosity of ternary tin-based lead-free solder melt using BP neural network

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Min Wu ◽  
Bailin Lv
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
Bp Neural Network ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Lead Free Solder ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Free Solder ◽  
Bp Neural Network Model ◽  
Lead Free Solders

Purpose Viscosity is an important basic physical property of liquid solders. However, because of the very complex nonlinear relationship between the viscosity of the liquid ternary Sn-based lead-free solder and its determinants, a theoretical model for the viscosity of the liquid Sn-based solder alloy has not been proposed. This paper aims to address the viscosity issues that must be considered when developing new lead-free solders. Design/methodology/approach A BP neural network model was established to predict the viscosity of the liquid alloy and the predicted values were compared with the corresponding experimental data in the literature data. At the same time, the BP neural network model is compared with the existing theoretical model. In addition, a mathematical model for estimating the melt viscosity of ternary tin-based lead-free solders was constructed using a polynomial fitting method. Findings A reasonable BP neural network model was established to predict the melt viscosity of ternary tin-based lead-free solders. The viscosity prediction of the BP neural network agrees well with the experimental results. Compared to the Seetharaman and the Moelwyn–Hughes models, the BP neural network model can predict the viscosity of liquid alloys without the need to calculate the relevant thermodynamic parameters. In addition, a simple equation for estimating the melt viscosity of a ternary tin-based lead-free solder has been proposed. Originality/value The study identified nine factors that affect the melt viscosity of ternary tin-based lead-free solders and used these factors as input parameters for BP neural network models. The BP neural network model is more convenient because it does not require the calculation of relevant thermodynamic parameters. In addition, a mathematical model for estimating the viscosity of a ternary Sn-based lead-free solder alloy has been proposed. The overall research shows that the BP neural network model can be well applied to the theoretical study of the viscosity of liquid solder alloys. Using a constructed BP neural network to predict the viscosity of a lead-free solder melt helps to study the liquid physical properties of lead-free solders that are widely used in electronic information.

scholarly journals Bringing anime to academic libraries: a recommended core collection

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Laura Pope Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Universal Themes

Purpose – This paper aims to provide reasons for developing an anime collection within academic libraries as well as providing guidance in starting such a collection. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based upon research of literature and anime-related websites, as well as familiarity gained through viewing anime. Findings – Anime is a medium that can be used to explore all genres, as well as universal themes, and provide a glimpse of Japanese life. The study of film has been accepted for decades and the study of animation has grown from that but has been restricted to primarily American animation. Anime is animation specific to Japan which can inspire students and faculty to explore another culture. Libraries should provide classic anime that can support cross-cultural and interdisciplinary studies. By creating an anime collection, a library will provide their community with engaging materials that can be used for enjoyment as well as study. A list of core titles is included. Originality/value – This paper reflects recent trends toward increased interest in Japanese popular culture, specifically anime, and offers academic libraries a rationale for including such materials within their collection to connect with their students and faculty. There are no articles on the topic of collecting anime in academic libraries.

CFTC enforcement trends in 2017 and considerations for 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Peter Malyshev ◽  
Jennifer Achilles ◽  
Jill Ottenberg ◽  
Jessica Stumacher
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Commodity Futures ◽  
Futures Trading ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commodity Futures Trading Commission ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Enforcement Activity

Purpose This paper aims to discuss the types of cases that were brought by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in 2017 and what to expect in 2018. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses the overall statistics regarding enforcement actions brought by the CFTC, as well as the amount of restitution, disgorgement and penalties collected in 2017. These statistics are contrasted with the same statistics from 2016. This paper also discusses the types of enforcement actions brought by the CFTC in 2017 and identifies and analyzes trends. The analysis also includes a discussion of what to expect in 2018. Findings This paper concludes that 2017 was a year filled with personnel changes and vacancies at the CFTC, which resulted in no major policymaking cases being brought by the CFTC. This paper also finds that the CFTC is focused on actively monitoring the markets, and will continue to pursue actions involving reporting violations, fraud, manipulation, cryptocurrencies, and disruptive trade practices while rewarding parties for self-reporting and cooperation. Originality/value This paper contains valuable information from experienced lawyers regarding personnel changes at the CFTC, recent trends in CFTC enforcement activity and what to expect in 2018.

Exploring the links between talent philosophies and talent management in service organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelos Pantouvakis ◽  
Maria Karakasnaki
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Service Organizations ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
The Way

PurposeIn line with recent trends in the human resource management literature that address talented employees and their management, the purpose of this paper is to examine the associations between talent philosophies (innate/developable and exclusive/inclusive) and the way talent is identified and assessed in the context of service organisations.Design/methodology/approachA structured questionnaire was administered in shipping companies located in Greece and 125 questionnaires suitable for further use were collected. Moreover, the measurement instruments of the constructs under examination were adopted from relevant studies in the literature. Finally, the data were analysed through exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis.FindingsThe findings showed that the different talent philosophies impact upon the way talent is managed (i.e. identified and assessed). Specifically it was found that managers who adopt mainly innate and exclusive talent philosophies tend to rely more on their first impressions in the identification of talent and to focus in a greater extent on their personal judgment rather than standardized procedures in talent assessment.Originality/valueDespite the increased academic voices on exploring the concepts of talent and talent management in the context of business organisations, the field is still lacking empirical evidence. Therefore, this study contributes to the limited empirical studies on talent issues and provides evidence on the links between the dominant talent philosophies and the way talent is identified and assessed in organisations.

scholarly journals Industry leader interview: Jerry Montgomery

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cruise Industry ◽  
Senior Vice President ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Industry Leader ◽  
Industry Trends

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to interview Jerry Montgomery-Senior Vice President of Global Human Resources at Carnival Corporation-regarding recent trends in the cruise industry Design/methodology/approach Interview with industry leader. Findings Several trends are identified. Originality/value Researchers and students will acquire a better understanding of cruise industry trends.

scholarly journals The emerging cannabis treatment population

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Hamilton ◽  
Charlie Lloyd ◽  
Mark Monaghan ◽  
Kirsteen Paton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Data ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Evaluation Of Evidence ◽  
Treatment Population ◽  
Primary Drug

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine recent trends in presentation to treatment where cannabis is identified as the primary drug. Design/methodology/approach – Data is drawn from the recently published Public Health England report and supplemented with Home Office and European data. Findings – The data shows a marked increase in presentations for cannabis treatment over recent years. The authors offer some potential explanations for this trend. Research limitations/implications – The authors need to improve our understanding of the type of cannabis that is available and how specifically it is used. In parallel there is a pressing need for an evaluation of evidence in relation to treatment for problematic cannabis users. Originality/value – This paper highlights this recent trend in treatment presentations, offers some potential explanations and makes associated recommendations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document