Pulse Duration and Temporal Contrast as Critical Parameters for Internal Structuring of Silicon

We report, for the first time, new insights into the nature of the band gap of <a>CuGeO3 </a>(CGO) nanocrystals synthesized from a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method in the presence of citrate. To the best of our knowledge, this synthetic approach has the shortest reaction time and it works at the lowest temperatures reported in the literature for the preparation of these materials. The influence of the surfactant on the structural, electronic, optical, and photocatalytic properties of CGO nanocrystals is discussed by a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches, and that results elucidates the nature of the band gap of synthetized CGO nanocrystals. We believe that this particular strategy is one of the most critical parameters for the development of innovative applications and that result could shed some light on the emerging material design with entirely new properties.

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Fundamental Considerations for CDM Failure in 90nm Products

ISTFA 2006: Conference Proceedings from the 32nd International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2006p0055 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Nobuyuki Wakai ◽

Yuji Kobira ◽

Hidemitsu Egawa ◽

Masayoshi Tsutsumi

Keyword(s):

Breakdown Voltage ◽

High Speed ◽

Gate Oxide ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Protection Device ◽

Oxide Breakdown ◽

Technology Products ◽

Charged Device ◽

Device Size ◽

Fundamental Consideration

Abstract Fundamental consideration for CDM (Charged Device Model) breakdown was investigated with 90nm technology products and others. According to the result of failure analysis, it was found that gate oxide breakdown was critical failure mode for CDM test. High speed triggered protection device such as ggNMOS and SCR (Thyristor) is effective method to improve its CDM breakdown voltage and an improvement for evaluated products were confirmed. Technological progress which is consisted of down-scaling of protection device size and huge number of IC pins of high function package makes technology vulnerable and causes significant CDM stress. Therefore, it is expected that CDM protection designing tends to become quite difficult. In order to solve these problems in the product, fundamental evaluations were performed. Those are a measurement of discharge parameter and stress time dependence of CDM breakdown voltage. Peak intensity and rise time of discharge current as critical parameters are well correlated their package capacitance. Increasing stress time causes breakdown voltage decreasing. This mechanism is similar to that of TDDB for gate oxide breakdown. Results from experiences and considerations for future CDM reliable designing are explained in this report.

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Studies of Structural Properties and Their Relationship to Critical Parameters in Superconducting Materials.

10.21236/ada143556 ◽

1984 ◽

Author(s):

C. W. Kimball

Keyword(s):

Structural Properties ◽

Superconducting Materials ◽

Critical Parameters

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Fuzzy control of coagulation reaction through streaming current monitoring

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0102 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 127-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. C. Liu ◽

M. D. Wu

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Control Process ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Flow Mode ◽

Raw Water ◽

Streaming Current ◽

On Line ◽

Current Monitoring

A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) incorporating the streaming current detector (SDC) was utilized in the automatic control of the coagulation reaction. Kaolinite was used to prepare synthetic raw water, and ferric chloride was used as the coagulant. The control set point was decided at a streaming current (SC) of −0.05 and pH of 8.0 from jar tests, zeta potential and streaming current measurements. A bench-scale water treatment plant with rapid mix, flocculation, and sedimentation units, operated in a continuous-flow mode, was utilized to simulate the reaction. Two critical parameters affecting the coagulation reaction, i.e., pH and streaming current, were chosen as process outputs; while coagulant dose and base dose were chosen as control process inputs. They were on-line monitored and transduced through a FLC. With raw water of initial turbidity of 110 NTU, residual turbidity of lower than 10 NTU before filtration was obtained. Results show that this combination functions satisfactorily for coagulation control.

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Influence of viscosity temperature dependence on the spectral characteristics of the thermoviscous liquids flow stability equation

Multiphase Systems ◽

10.21662/mfs2019.1.007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 52-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A.D. Nizamova ◽

V.N. Kireev ◽

S.F. Urmancheev

Keyword(s):

Reynolds Number ◽

Spectral Characteristics ◽

Wave Number ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Fluid Viscosity ◽

Flat Channel ◽

Stability Equation ◽

The Stability ◽

Thermoviscous Fluid ◽

Sommerfeld Equation

The flow of a viscous model fluid in a flat channel with a non-uniform temperature field is considered. The problem of the stability of a thermoviscous fluid is solved on the basis of the derived generalized Orr-Sommerfeld equation by the spectral decomposition method in Chebyshev polynomials. The effect of taking into account the linear and exponential dependences of the fluid viscosity on temperature on the spectral characteristics of the hydrodynamic stability equation for an incompressible fluid in a flat channel with given different wall temperatures is investigated. Analytically obtained profiles of the flow rate of a thermovisible fluid. The spectral pictures of the eigenvalues of the generalized Orr-Sommerfeld equation are constructed. It is shown that the structure of the spectra largely depends on the properties of the liquid, which are determined by the viscosity functional dependence index. It has been established that for small values of the thermoviscosity parameter the spectrum compares the spectrum for isothermal fluid flow, however, as it increases, the number of eigenvalues and their density increase, that is, there are more points at which the problem has a nontrivial solution. The stability of the flow of a thermoviscous fluid depends on the presence of an eigenvalue with a positive imaginary part among the entire set of eigenvalues found with fixed Reynolds number and wavenumber parameters. It is shown that with a fixed Reynolds number and a wave number with an increase in the thermoviscosity parameter, the flow becomes unstable. The spectral characteristics determine the structure of the eigenfunctions and the critical parameters of the flow of a thermally viscous fluid. The eigenfunctions constructed in the subsequent works show the behavior of transverse-velocity perturbations, their possible growth or decay over time.

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Review on Methodologies Used in the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Significance of Phytosynthesis Using Plant Extract as an Emerging Tool

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200531150218 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (40) ◽

pp. 5188-5204

Author(s):

Uzair Nagra ◽

Maryam Shabbir ◽

Muhammad Zaman ◽

Asif Mahmood ◽

Kashif Barkat

Keyword(s):

Green Synthesis ◽

Metal Nanoparticles ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Noble Metals ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Green Technology ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Nanosized Particles ◽

Preparation Methods

Nanosized particles, with a size of less than 100 nm, have a wide variety of applications in various fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Metal nanoparticles [MNPs] have been synthesized by different chemical and physical procedures. Still, the biological approach or green synthesis [phytosynthesis] is considered as a preferred method due to eco-friendliness, nontoxicity, and cost-effective production. Various plants and plant extracts have been used for the green synthesis of MNPs, including biofabrication of noble metals, metal oxides, and bimetallic combinations. Biomolecules and metabolites present in plant extracts cause the reduction of metal ions into nanosized particles by one-step preparation methods. MNPs have remarkable attractiveness in biomedical applications for their use as potential antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial agents. The present review offers a comprehensive aspect of MNPs production via top-to-bottom and bottom-to-top approach with considerable emphasis on green technology and their possible biomedical applications. The critical parameters governing the MNPs formation by plant-based synthesis are also highlighted in this review.

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