Standard automated perimetry is a standard method of measuring peripheral visual function. Automated static perimetry gained wide acceptance among clinicians due to the test’s high reproducibility and standardization and ability to store, exchange, and statistically analyze digital data. Advances in the computerized visual field assessment have contributed to our understanding of the role that field of vision plays in clinical evaluation and management of patients. The Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer/HFA II-i is the most commonly used automated perimeter in the United States, and the examples in this chapter have been obtained with this instrument. Aubert and Förster in the 1860s developed the arc perimeter, which led to the mapping of peripheral neurologic visual field abnormalities and advanced glaucomatous field defects. Analysis of the central visual field was not seen as clinically important by most clinicians until 1889, when Bjerrum described a detected arcuate paracentral scotoma. Later, Traquair further contributed to kinetic perimetry on the tangent screen. In 1893, Groenouw proposed the term “isopter” for lines with the same sensitivity on a perimetry chart. Rønne further developed kinetic isopter perimetry in 1909 and described the nasal step in glaucoma. Although the first bowl perimeter was introduced in 1872 by Scherk, due to problems with achieving even illumination on the screen, it did not become popular. The version of the bowl perimeter introduced by Goldmann in 1945 became widely accepted and is a significant contribution to clinical perimetry. The Goldmann perimeter incorporated a projected stimulus on an illuminated bowl, with standardization of background illumination as well as size and intensity of the stimulus, and allowed effective use of both static and kinetic techniques. For these reasons, the Goldmann instrument has remained the clinical standard throughout the world until widespread acceptance of automated perimetry. Harms and Aulhorn later designed the Tübingen perimeter with a bowl-type screen exclusively for the measurement of static threshold fields, using stationary test objects with variable light intensity. While excellent threshold measurements were possible with this instrument, the time and effort involved in such measurements prevented this perimeter from becoming widely used.
Human Enhancer of Invasion-Cluster, a Coiled-Coil Protein Required for Passage through Mitosis
