Radiofrequency sensors for snow conditions monitoring and real time avalanche alerts

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Carta ◽  
Arash Ghaghazanian ◽  
Riccardo Stefanelli ◽  
Daniele Trinchero
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Snow Conditions

scholarly journals Utilisation of CryoSat-2 SAR altimeter in operational ice charting

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rinne ◽  
M. Similä
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
First Year ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Simple Product ◽  
Barents And Kara Seas

Abstract. We present methods to utilise CryoSat-2 (CS-2) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mode data in operational ice charting. We compare CS-2 data qualitatively to SAR mosaics over the Barents and Kara seas. Furthermore, we compare the CS-2 to archived operational ice charts. We present distributions of four CS-2 waveform parameters for different ice types as presented in the ice charts. We go on to present an automatic classification method for CS-2 data which, after training with operational ice charts, is capable of determining open ocean from ice with a hit rate of  >  90 %. The training data are dynamically updated every 5 days using the most recent 15 days of CS-2 data and operative ice charts. This helps the adaption of the classifier to the evolving ice/snow conditions throughout winter. The classifier is also capable of detecting three different ice classes (thin and thick first-year ice as well as old ice) with success rates good enough for the output to be usable to support operational ice charting. Finally, we present a near-real-time CS-2 product just plotting the waveform characteristics and conclude that even such a simple product is usable for some of the needs of ice charting.

scholarly journals Utilisation of CryoSat-2 SAR altimeter in operational ice charting

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 4117-4145
Author(s):  
E. Rinne ◽  
M. Similä
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
First Year ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Simple Product ◽  
Barents And Kara Seas

Abstract. We present methods to utilise Cryosat-2 (CS-2) Synthetic Aperture (SAR) mode data in operational ice charting. We compare CS-2 data qualitatively to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mosaics over Barents and Kara seas. Furthermore, we compare the CS-2 to archived operational ice charts. We present distributions of four CS-2 waveform parameters for different ice types as presented in the ice charts. We go on to present an automatic classification method for CS-2 data which, after training with operational ice charts, is capable of determining open water from ice with a hit rate of > 90 %. The training data is dynamically updated every five days using the most recent 15 days CS-2 data and operative ice charts. This helps the adaption of the classifier to the evolving ice/snow conditions throughout winter. The classifier is also capable of detecting three different ice classes (thin and thick first year ice as well as old ice) with success rates good enough for the output to be usable to support operational ice charting. Finally, we present a near real time CS-2 product just plotting the waveform characteristics and conclude that even such a simple product is usable for some of the needs of ice charting.

Using lateral coefficient of friction to evaluate effectiveness of plowing and sanding operations

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 977-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Salimi ◽  
Somayeh Nassiri ◽  
Alireza Bayat
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
The Road ◽  
Friction Measurements ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Lateral Friction

Returning the streets to safe driving conditions during wintertime is a priority in cold regions. Using Real-Time Traction Tool (RT3)-Curve’s lateral friction measurements, the effectiveness of plowing and three rates of sanding on different road conditions was investigated. Even a low amount of sand caused a significant reduction in friction on bare dry surfaces. Plowing did not provide significant benefits on ice; though it was a critical operation for snow conditions. While low sanding did not necessarily improve friction over plowed ice and snow, medium and high sanding considerably increased friction over plowed ice and snow. Regression analysis on the collected data revealed that abrasive mixtures can quickly scatter off the road due to high-speed traffic; it also showed that the salt portion of the mixture was not able to melt the ice before it was scattered from the road; however, it was immediately effective for snow at −8 °C.

Some Recent Results in Quiescent Prominence Spectrometry

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Donald A. Landman
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Solar Observatory ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Small Target ◽  
Signal Averaging ◽  
Quiescent Prominence

This paper describes some recent results of our quiescent prominence spectrometry program at the Mees Solar Observatory on Haleakala. The observations were made with the 25 cm coronagraph/coudé spectrograph system using a silicon vidicon detector. This detector consists of 500 contiguous channels covering approximately 6 or 80 Å, depending on the grating used. The instrument is interfaced to the Observatory’s PDP 11/45 computer system, and has the important advantages of wide spectral response, linearity and signal-averaging with real-time display. Its principal drawback is the relatively small target size. For the present work, the aperture was about 3″ × 5″. Absolute intensity calibrations were made by measuring quiet regions near sun center.

Video real-time imaging of artificial membranes during freeze-drying by cryo-electron microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
Alan S. Rudolph ◽  
Ronald R. Price
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Video Capture ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Artificial Membranes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spherical Structures ◽  
Capture Techniques

We have employed cryoelectron microscopy to visualize events that occur during the freeze-drying of artificial membranes by employing real time video capture techniques. Artificial membranes or liposomes which are spherical structures within internal aqueous space are stabilized by water which provides the driving force for spontaneous self-assembly of these structures. Previous assays of damage to these structures which are induced by freeze drying reveal that the two principal deleterious events that occur are 1) fusion of liposomes and 2) leakage of contents trapped within the liposome [1]. In the past the only way to access these events was to examine the liposomes following the dehydration event. This technique allows the event to be monitored in real time as the liposomes destabilize and as water is sublimed at cryo temperatures in the vacuum of the microscope. The method by which liposomes are compromised by freeze-drying are largely unknown. This technique has shown that cryo-protectants such as glycerol and carbohydrates are able to maintain liposomal structure throughout the drying process.

An Interactive Minicomputer Program for the Indexing and Simulation of Electron Diffraction Patterns

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 542-543
Author(s):  
R.P. Goehner ◽  
W.T. Hatfield ◽  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Real Time Analysis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
One Step ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Computer programs are now available in various laboratories for the indexing and simulation of transmission electron diffraction patterns. Although these programs address themselves to the solution of various aspects of the indexing and simulation process, the ultimate goal is to perform real time diffraction pattern analysis directly off of the imaging screen of the transmission electron microscope. The program to be described in this paper represents one step prior to real time analysis. It involves the combination of two programs, described in an earlier paper(l), into a single program for use on an interactive basis with a minicomputer. In our case, the minicomputer is an INTERDATA 70 equipped with a Tektronix 4010-1 graphical display terminal and hard copy unit.A simplified flow diagram of the combined program, written in Fortran IV, is shown in Figure 1. It consists of two programs INDEX and TEDP which index and simulate electron diffraction patterns respectively. The user has the option of choosing either the indexing or simulating aspects of the combined program.

Microstructural investigation of surface roughness in MBE-grown AlAs

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
R. Rajesh ◽  
R. Droopad ◽  
C. H. Kuo ◽  
R. W. Carpenter ◽  
G. N. Maracas
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Native Oxide ◽  
Effusion Cell ◽  
Surface Oxide Layer ◽  
Microstructural Investigation ◽  
Mbe Growth ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
And Control

Knowledge of material pseudodielectric functions at MBE growth temperatures is essential for achieving in-situ, real time growth control. This allows us to accurately monitor and control thicknesses of the layers during growth. Undesired effusion cell temperature fluctuations during growth can thus be compensated for in real-time by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The accuracy in determining pseudodielectric functions is increased if one does not require applying a structure model to correct for the presence of an unknown surface layer such as a native oxide. Performing these measurements in an MBE reactor on as-grown material gives us this advantage. Thus, a simple three phase model (vacuum/thin film/substrate) can be used to obtain thin film data without uncertainties arising from a surface oxide layer of unknown composition and temperature dependence.In this study, we obtain the pseudodielectric functions of MBE-grown AlAs from growth temperature (650°C) to room temperature (30°C). The profile of the wavelength-dependent function from the ellipsometry data indicated a rough surface after growth of 0.5 μm of AlAs at a substrate temperature of 600°C, which is typical for MBE-growth of GaAs.

Real-time observation of vortex lattices in a superconductor

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1050-1051
Author(s):  
K. Harada ◽  
T. Matsuda ◽  
J.E. Bonevich ◽  
M. Igarashi ◽  
S. Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Flux Line ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Lorentz Microscopy ◽  
Vortex Lattices ◽  
Flux Lines ◽  
Magnetic Flux Lines ◽  
Time Observation ◽  
Thin Superconductor ◽  
Real Time Observation

Previous observations of magnetic flux-lines (vortex lattices) in superconductors, such as the field distribution of a flux-line, and flux-line dynamics activated by heat and current, have employed the high spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity of electron holography. And recently, the 2-D static distribution of vortices was also observed by this technique. However, real-time observations of the vortex lattice, in spite of scientific and technological interest, have not been possible due to experimental difficulties. Here, we report the real-time observation of vortex lattices in a thin superconductor, by means of Lorentz microscopy using a 300 kV field emission electron microscope. This technique allows us to observe the dynamic motion of individual vortices and record the events on a VTR system.The experimental arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. A Nb thin film for transmission observation was prepared by chemical etching. The grain size of the film was increased by annealing, and single crystals were observed with a thickness of 50∼90 nm.

Live Confocal Analysis of Fertilization and Early Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Uyen Tram ◽  
William Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Fluorescent Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Event ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fluorescent Studies

Embryonic development is a dynamic event and is best studied in live animals in real time. Much of our knowledge of the early events of embryogenesis, however, comes from immunofluourescent analysis of fixed embryos. While these studies provide an enormous amount of information about the organization of different structures during development, they can give only a static glimpse of a very dynamic event. More recently real-time fluorescent studies of living embryos have become much more routine and have given new insights to how different structures and organelles (chromosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton, etc.) are coordinately regulated. This is in large part due to the development of commercially available fluorescent probes, GFP technology, and newly developed sensitive fluorescent microscopes. For example, live confocal fluorescent analysis proved essential in determining the primary defect in mutations that disrupt early nuclear divisions in Drosophila melanogaster. For organisms in which GPF transgenics is not available, fluorescent probes that label DNA, microtubules, and actin are available for microinjection.

Enhancing Clinical Supervision Using High-Definition Real-Time Digital Recording, Annotation, and Bluetooth Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
Jennifer W. Means ◽  
Casey McCaffrey
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Recording Technology ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Additional Data Collection

Purpose The use of real-time recording technology for clinical instruction allows student clinicians to more easily collect data, self-reflect, and move toward independence as supervisors continue to provide continuation of supportive methods. This article discusses how the use of high-definition real-time recording, Bluetooth technology, and embedded annotation may enhance the supervisory process. It also reports results of graduate students' perception of the benefits and satisfaction with the types of technology used. Method Survey data were collected from graduate students about their use and perceived benefits of advanced technology to support supervision during their 1st clinical experience. Results Survey results indicate that students found the use of their video recordings useful for self-evaluation, data collection, and therapy preparation. The students also perceived an increase in self-confidence through the use of the Bluetooth headsets as their supervisors could provide guidance and encouragement without interrupting the flow of their therapy sessions by entering the room to redirect them. Conclusions The use of video recording technology can provide opportunities for students to review: videos of prospective clients they will be treating, their treatment videos for self-assessment purposes, and for additional data collection. Bluetooth technology provides immediate communication between the clinical educator and the student. Students reported that the result of that communication can improve their self-confidence, perceived performance, and subsequent shift toward independence.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document