Positive and negative interspecific interactions between coexisting rice planthoppers neutralise the effects of elevated temperatures

Numerous experimental simulations with different warming scenarios have been conducted to predict how algae will respond to warming, but their conclusions are sometimes contradictory to each other. This might be due to a failure to consider interspecific interactions. In this study, the dominant diatom species in a seasonal succession were isolated and verified to adapt to different temperature ranges by constant temperature experiment. Both unialgal and mixed cultures were exposed to two fluctuant temperature treatments that simulated the temperature variations from early spring to summer, with one treatment 4 °C higher (warming scenario) than the other. We found that the specific response of diatoms to warming was affected by interspecific interactions. Spring warming had no significant effect on eurythermal species and had a positive effect on the abundance of warm-adapted diatom species, but interspecific interactions reduced this promotional effect. Cold-adapted species had a negative response to spring warming in the presence of other diatom species but had a positive response to early spring warming in the absence of interspecific interactions. In addition, warming resulted in the growth of all diatom species peaking earlier in unialgal cultures, but this effect could be weakened or amplified by interspecies interactions in mixed cultures. Our results suggest that the specific diatom species with different optimal growth temperature ranges responding to warming were expected if there were no interspecific interactions. However, in natural environments, the inevitable and complex interspecific interactions will influence the responses of diatoms to warming. This important factor should not be ignored in the prediction of organism responses to climate warming.

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Characterization of Rare-Earth Fluoride Anti-Stokes Phosphors by Scanning arid Transmission Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100064761 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 142-143

Author(s):

N. M. P. Low ◽

L. E. Brosselard

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Rare Earth ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Stoichiometric Composition ◽

Rare Earth Ions ◽

Crystalline Solid ◽

Precipitation Process ◽

Rare Earth Fluoride ◽

Earth Fluoride ◽

Rare Earth Fluorides

There has been considerable interest over the past several years in materials capable of converting infrared radiation to visible light by means of sequential excitation in two or more steps. Several rare-earth trifluorides (LaF3, YF3, GdF3, and LuF3) containing a small amount of other trivalent rare-earth ions (Yb3+ and Er3+, or Ho3+, or Tm3+) have been found to exhibit such phenomenon. The methods of preparation of these rare-earth fluorides in the crystalline solid form generally involve a co-precipitation process and a subsequent solid state reaction at elevated temperatures. This investigation was undertaken to examine the morphological features of both the precipitated and the thermally treated fluoride powders by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy.Rare-earth oxides of stoichiometric composition were dissolved in nitric acid and the mixed rare-earth fluoride was then coprecipitated out as fine granules by the addition of excess hydrofluoric acid. The precipitated rare-earth fluorides were washed with water, separated from the aqueous solution, and oven-dried.

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Observations oh Nucleation and Growth of Voids in Nickel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069065 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 414-415

Author(s):

J. L. Brimhall ◽

H. E. Kissinger ◽

B. Mastel

Keyword(s):

High Purity ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Early Growth ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Pure Nickel ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Total Fluence ◽

Neutron Exposure ◽

Growth Of Voids

Some information on the size and density of voids that develop in several high purity metals and alloys during irradiation with neutrons at elevated temperatures has been reported as a function of irradiation parameters. An area of particular interest is the nucleation and early growth stage of voids. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the microstructure in high purity nickel after irradiation to a very low but constant neutron exposure at three different temperatures.Annealed specimens of 99-997% pure nickel in the form of foils 75μ thick were irradiated in a capsule to a total fluence of 2.2 × 1019 n/cm2 (E > 1.0 MeV). The capsule consisted of three temperature zones maintained by heaters and monitored by thermocouples at 350, 400, and 450°C, respectively. The temperature was automatically dropped to 60°C while the reactor was down.

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Voids in Irradiated Tungsten and Molybdenum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100062865 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 190-191

Author(s):

Robert C. Rau ◽

Robert L. Ladd

Keyword(s):

Melting Point ◽

Fast Neutron ◽

Neutron Irradiation ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Irradiation Temperature ◽

The Body ◽

Face Centered Cubic ◽

Body Centered Cubic ◽

Cubic Metals ◽

Face Centered

Recent studies have shown the presence of voids in several face-centered cubic metals after neutron irradiation at elevated temperatures. These voids were found when the irradiation temperature was above 0.3 Tm where Tm is the absolute melting point, and were ascribed to the agglomeration of lattice vacancies resulting from fast neutron generated displacement cascades. The present paper reports the existence of similar voids in the body-centered cubic metals tungsten and molybdenum.

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Mechanical Properties and Dislocation Structure of Single Crystal Cdte Deformed in Compression at 300°C

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010009292x ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 592-593

Author(s):

Ernest L. Hall ◽

J. B. Vander Sande

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Single Crystal ◽

Dislocation Structure ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Strain Curve ◽

Optical Devices ◽

Semiconductor Compound ◽

Wide Range ◽

Sample Orientation

The present paper describes research on the mechanical properties and related dislocation structure of CdTe, a II-VI semiconductor compound with a wide range of uses in electrical and optical devices. At room temperature CdTe exhibits little plasticity and at the same time relatively low strength and hardness. The mechanical behavior of CdTe was examined at elevated temperatures with the goal of understanding plastic flow in this material and eventually improving the room temperature properties. Several samples of single crystal CdTe of identical size and crystallographic orientation were deformed in compression at 300°C to various levels of total strain. A resolved shear stress vs. compressive glide strain curve (Figure la) was derived from the results of the tests and the knowledge of the sample orientation.

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Electron microscopy of crystalline structure in thermotropic random copolymers

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100089585 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 1054-1055

Author(s):

Afzana Anwer ◽

S. Eilidh Bedford ◽

Richard J. Spontak ◽

Alan H. Windle

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Crystalline Structure ◽

Liquid Crystalline ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Random Copolymers ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Identical Monomer ◽

Periodic Layer

Random copolyesters composed of wholly aromatic monomers such as p-oxybenzoate (B) and 2,6-oxynaphthoate (N) are known to exhibit liquid crystalline characteristics at elevated temperatures and over a broad composition range. Previous studies employing techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have conclusively proven that these thermotropic copolymers can possess a significant crystalline fraction, depending on molecular characteristics and processing history, despite the fact that the copolymer chains possess random intramolecular sequencing. Consequently, the nature of the crystalline structure that develops when these materials are processed in their mesophases and subsequently annealed has recently received considerable attention. A model that has been consistent with all experimental observations involves the Non-Periodic Layer (NPL) crystallite, which occurs when identical monomer sequences enter into register between adjacent chains. The objective of this work is to employ electron microscopy to identify and characterize these crystallites.

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Generation of 4H and 6H Structures During the Hexagonal-Rhombohedral Transformation in Dy2Co17

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100113810 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 38-39

Author(s):

C. W. Allen ◽

D. L. Kuruzar

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Layer Structure ◽

Transition Element ◽

Temperature Structure ◽

Allotropic Transformation ◽

Layer Plane ◽

Planar Defects ◽

Topologically Close Packed ◽

Transformation Mechanisms ◽

Shear Transformation

The rare earth/transition element intermetallics R2T17 are essentially topologically close packed phases for which layer structure models have already been presented. Many of these compounds are known to undergo allotropic transformation of the type at elevated temperatures. It is not unexpected that shear transformation mechanisms are involved in view of the layering character of the structures. The transformations are evidently quite sluggish, illustrated in furnace cooled Dy2Co17 by the fact that only rarely has the low temperature rhombohedral form been seen. The more usual structures observed so far in furnace cooled alloys include 4H and 6H in Dy2Co17 (Figs. 1 and 2) . In any event it is quite clear that the general microstructure is very complicated as a consequence of the allotropy, illustrated in Fig. 3. Numerous planar defects in the layer plane orientation are evident as are non-layer plane defects inherited from a high temperature structure.

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Spherulite Structures in a Melt Spun Fe-Ni Austenitic Steel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100117339 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 52-53

Author(s):

G. M. Michal ◽

T. K. Glasgow ◽

T. J. Moore

Keyword(s):

Austenitic Steel ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Large Range ◽

Amorphous Structure ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Ni Alloys ◽

Melt Spun ◽

Crystal Fibers ◽

Rapidly Solidified

Large additions of B to Fe-Ni alloys can lead to the formation of an amorphous structure, if the alloy is rapidly cooled from the liquid state to room temperature. Isothermal aging of such structures at elevated temperatures causes crystallization to occur. Commonly such crystallization pro ceeds by the nucleation and growth of spherulites which are spherical crystalline bodies of radiating crystal fibers. Spherulite features were found in the present study in a rapidly solidified alloy that was fully crysstalline as-cast. This alloy was part of a program to develop an austenitic steel for elevated temperature applications by strengthening it with TiB2. The alloy contained a relatively large percentage of B, not to induce an amorphous structure, but only as a consequence of trying to obtain a large volume fracture of TiB2 in the completely processed alloy. The observation of spherulitic features in this alloy is described herein. Utilization of the large range of useful magnifications obtainable in a modern TEM, when a suitably thinned foil is available, was a key element in this analysis.

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TEM visualization of surface replicated acid and base catalyzed sol-gel glasses

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010014381x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 448-449

Author(s):

George C. Ruben ◽

Merrill W. Shafer

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Basic Medium ◽

Glass Transition Point ◽

Structural Space ◽

Acid And Base ◽

Organometallic Precursors ◽

New Processing ◽

Gel Glasses ◽

Physical Phenomena

Traditionally ceramics have been shaped from powders and densified at temperatures close to their liquid point. New processing methods using various types of sols, gels, and organometallic precursors at low temperature which enable densificatlon at elevated temperatures well below their liquidus, hold the promise of producing ceramics and glasses of controlled and reproducible properties that are highly reliable for electronic, structural, space or medical applications. Ultrastructure processing of silicon alkoxides in acid medium and mixtures of Ludox HS-40 (120Å spheres from DuPont) and Kasil (38% K2O &62% SiO2) in basic medium have been aimed at producing materials with a range of well defined pore sizes (∼20-400Å) to study physical phenomena and materials behavior in well characterized confined geometries. We have studied Pt/C surface replicas of some of these porous sol-gels prepared at temperatures below their glass transition point.

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