Do indicators influence treaty ratification? The relationship between mid‐range performance and policy change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAINA D. WESTERN
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Treaty Ratification ◽  
The Relationship

POLICY CHANGE – THE ROLE OF IDEAS AND POLICY ENTREPRENEURS

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Arwanto Arwanto ◽  
Wike Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Problem Framing ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Understanding policy process involves many distinctive approaches. The most common are institutional, groups or networks, exogenous factors, rational actors, and idea-based approach. This paper discussed the idea-based approach to explain policy process, in this case policy change. It aims to analyse how ideas could assist people to understand policy change. What role do they play and why are they considered as fundamental element? It considers that ideas are belong to every policy actor, whether it is individual or institution. In order to answer these questions, this paper adopts Kingdon’s multi streams approach to analyse academic literatures. Through this approach, the relationship between ideas and policy change can be seen clearer. Ideas only can affect in policy change if it is agreed and accepted by policy makers. Therefore the receptivity of ideas plays significant role and it emerges policy entrepreneurs. They promote ideas (through problem framing, timing, and narrative construction) and manipulate in order to ensure the receptivity of ideas. Although policy entrepreneurs play significant role, political aspects remains the most important element in the policy process. Keywords: policy change, ideas, idea-based approach, Kingdon’s multiple streams, policy entrepreneurs.

Domestic Constraints on Foreign Policy Change in Belarus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-55
Author(s):  
Paul Hansbury
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Domestic Constraints ◽  
Foreign Policy Change ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Policy Shifts

Abstract After 2014 the relationship between Russia and its ally Belarus was strained. Russia was dissatisfied with Belarus’s foreign policy and sought to influence the latter’s international affairs. This article considers the extent of change and continuity in Belarus’s foreign policy, and thus whether Russia’s criticisms reflect consequential shifts, covering the period 2016–2019. The analysis begins with the removal of EU sanctions, which afforded Belarus new opportunities, and ends before the protest movement that emerged ahead of the election in 2020. The study considers three policy areas: international trade; diplomacy more broadly; and foreign policy concerns for prestige. The article argues that Belarus made appreciable policy changes in response to structural pressures in the period 2016–2019, but the parameters of these foreign policy shifts were necessarily highly constrained by domestic interest group competition which prevents Belarus distancing itself from Russia. It concludes with a brief reflection on how the 2020 election protests and repressions affect the dynamics described.

The Pictures in Their Heads: How U.S. Mayors Think About Racial Inequality

2020 ◽  
pp. 107808742090865
Author(s):  
Katherine Levine Einstein ◽  
Luisa Godinez Puig ◽  
Spencer Piston
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Sizable Proportion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Policy Solutions

Many scholars examine what role cities can play in addressing racial inequality. Yet existing research presents little direct evidence of local political elites’ perceptions of racial inequality and preferred strategies to address it. Which mayors perceive racial inequality to be a problem in their cities, and which mayors prefer substantive rather than symbolic solutions to this problem? To answer this question, we survey more than 100 mayors of large and mid-sized American cities. We find that, while a sizable proportion of mayors advocate for policy change, many others either deny that racial inequality exists, claim that they do not have control over racial inequality, or promote symbolic dialogues about race. Democratic mayors are substantially more likely to acknowledge racial inequality in a variety of domains. Non-White mayors and mayors of cities facing larger racial income inequality are also somewhat more aware of racial inequality, although the relationship is less consistent. Perceptual screens may prevent many mayors from pursuing vigorous policy solutions to racial inequality.

SUSTAINABILITY OF PUBLIC DEBT AND INEQUALITY IN A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritaka Maebayashi ◽  
Kunihiko Konishi
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
Sustainability Of Public Debt ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship between the sustainability of public debt and inequality in an endogenous growth model with heterogeneous agents. We show that the threshold for the sustainability of public debt is related to not only the relative size of public debt but also inequality. In addition, this study examines the effects of budget deficit and redistributive policies on the sustainability of public debt and inequality. We show that an increase in the deficit ratio or the redistributive tax makes public debt less sustainable. If the economy falls into the unsustainable region as a result of the policy change, both public debt and inequality continue to increase.

Well-Being as a Pathway to Equity

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Walter Flores ◽  
Éloi Laurent ◽  
Jennifer Prah Ruger
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Economic Equity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the relationship between well-being and equity, and makes the case for well-being approaches as a powerful pathway to advance equity. In a world without equity, well-being is impossible. Inequities in income, health, education, environmental conditions, access to opportunity, and other factors hinder individual, community, and civic well-being. Pursuing a well-being approach centered on equity—from what gets measured and how, to the way stories are told and the voices that tell them, to what gets prioritized and acted upon and by whom—can reduce these inequities. And in the symbiotic relationship between well-being and equity, as well-being improves, so does equity; likewise, as equity improves, so does well-being. The chapter addresses three intersecting components of well-being and equity: economic equity, human rights, and social cohesion. Through these lenses, it looks at implications and opportunities for social and policy change and illuminates work that remains to be done.

Sachverständige und der Einfluss von Expertise auf Reformen: Eine räumliche Analyse der Föderalismusreform II

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas König ◽  
Bernd Luig ◽  
Stephan Marc Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
Fiscal Reform ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article sheds light on the relationship between politicians and scientific advisors in the second stage of reform of Germany’s fiscal federalism. Based on the principal agent theory and a specific model presented by Bueno de Mesquita we derive two hypotheses. Concretely, we expect that policy change depends on both the homogeneity of the experts’ signals (H1) and the strength of the experts’ signals independently of their preferred policies (H2). For an empirical investigation, we exploit a dataset that includes information about the status quo, the experts’ positions and the degree of policy change relating to 416 conflict issues. According to two separate questionnaires in the policy advisory process we differentiate between the fiscal reform in narrower sense and the administrative reform. Our findings show that H1 and H2 have explanatory power for the partly far-reaching fiscal reform, whereas only H1 explains the “fig leaf” of administrative reform.

scholarly journals How Do Electoral Gender Quotas Affect Policy?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Amanda Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
National Legislatures ◽  
The Relationship

Electoral gender quotas now exist in a majority of national legislatures worldwide. In general, quotas are followed by greater legislative attention to the interests and priorities of women as a group. Across cases, effects have been most pronounced on issues related to women's rights, public health, and poverty alleviation. Quotas can influence policy in two general ways: First, quotas may send cues to all officeholders, prompting broad changes in legislator behavior among both men and women. Second, quotas typically bring more women into legislatures, causing a shift in aggregate legislator preferences and increasing women's ability to collectively influence legislative decisions. Yet, the positive effects of quotas are not universal, and some research reveals instances in which quotas have led to limited policy changes or even to more gender-inegalitarian outcomes. I suggest several variables that may moderate the relationship between quota adoption and policy change, including underexplored dimensions of quota design.

Autocracy, Religious Restriction, and Religious Civil War

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsuk Kim ◽  
Hyun Jin Choi
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis article illuminates the relationship between level of religious restriction and the onset of religious civil war in the context of autocracy. That is, we investigate how autocrats' religious restriction accounts for religious civil war. We hypothesize that in autocracies, moderate religious restriction is likely to engender religious civil war (Hypothesis 1), policy change from religious laissez-faire to moderate restriction raises the probability of religious civil war (Hypothesis 2), and the transition from tight restriction to moderate restriction is likely to trigger religious civil war (Hypothesis 3). To test our hypotheses, we conduct statistical analyses as well as case studies. The results confirm Hypotheses 1 and 2, but not Hypothesis 3. This suggests that (1) within autocracies, different levels of religious restriction exert different effects on religious civil war and (2) moderate religious restriction is dangerous enough to spark religious civil war and religious laissez-faire helps to generate religious peace.

Democracy, Autocracy, and Everything in Between: How Domestic Institutions Affect Environmental Protection

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jana von Stein
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
First Century ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract As major global challenges intensify in the twenty-first century, which domestic institutions will best enable countries to take decisive and positive action? This article explores this question in the realm of environmental policy. Scholars and practitioners have long argued that ‘democracy’ yields the best environmental outcomes, but others now maintain that ‘eco-authoritarianism’ may be the best way forward. The author unpacks the theoretical mechanisms behind these debates, and adds important nuance in making three arguments. First, the link between elections and eco-policy depends on what citizens want. Secondly, the relationship between civil liberties protections and environmentalism depends on which actors within society hold power. Finally, political constraints make environmental policy change – be it environmentally friendly or damaging – more difficult. The study empirically tests these arguments and finds strong support for the expectations regarding elections and civil liberties. There is only limited evidence that constraints stymie eco-policy change.

The Effect of a Domestic Violence Policy Change on Police Officers' Schemata

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 600-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANDA L. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Police Attitudes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Domestic Violence Policy ◽  
Domestic Disturbances ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Schemata are used to organize knowledge, helping people interpret their environment and decide on courses of action. The current study examined the schemata of police officers socialized before and after the department changed its domestic violence policy to mandate arrests when probable cause exists in domestic disturbances. It was hypothesized that officers socialized before the policy change would have schemata that discouraged them from making arrests and rating victims cooperative and likely to prosecute their cases, whereas the opposite was predicted for officers socialized during the pro-arrest era. The relationship of officers' schemata to their arrest decisions at domestic calls and their attitudes toward the victims at these calls were analyzed using logistic regression. Results indicated more similarity than difference between the two groups of officers, although the schema variable did predict officers' belief in the likelihood of victims prosecuting their cases, pointing to the utility of schema theory for understanding police attitudes.

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