Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Harvesting on Sediment Yield in Forested Watersheds of the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary P. McEachran ◽  
Diana L. Karwan ◽  
Robert A. Slesak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Forested Watersheds

Learning More From Evaluation of Justice Interventions: Further Consideration of Theoretical Mechanisms in Juvenile Drug Courts

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Long ◽  
Christopher J. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Drug Court ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Courts ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Juvenile Drug Court ◽  
Path Models ◽  
Court Process

It is essential to learn as much as possible from justice interventions—even those that do not appear to be successful. Data came from a sample of youths participating in drug courts in nine sites across the United States and a comparison group of probationers ( N = 1,372). Measures were drawn from case records. Path models with direct and indirect effects were analyzed. Aspects of the juvenile drug court process appear to heighten the likelihood of youth failure in the program and recidivism. The ratio of incentives to sanctions was protective as drug court youth who experienced more of the former had a reduced likelihood of recidivism. The article concludes that it is important to examine mechanisms that impact the success of justice interventions.

scholarly journals Using Normative Theory to Explain the Effect of Religion and Education on Volunteering

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonmo Son ◽  
John Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Volunteer Work ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Many studies have found that volunteers tend to be more religious and better educated, but it is not clear why. One explanation is that churches and schools instill a sense of obligation in people to help others and this obligation is fulfilled by doing volunteer work. In this study data from National Survey of Midlife in the United States are used to examine the influence of education and having been raised in a religious home on adults' sense of obligation and subsequent volunteering. Religious background has no direct effect on sense of obligation. However, it exerts an influence on obligation through private (but not public) adult religiosity. Education has both direct and indirect effects (through obligations) on adult volunteering. The results underline the fact that social norms should not be ignored in explanations of volunteerism.

Creating an Engaged Workforce

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Jiang ◽  
Rita Linjuan Men
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The Social

Scholars have increasingly recognized the importance of studying factors leading to employee engagement. However, few researchers have created and tested theoretical models that propose mechanisms linking employee engagement to social contextual variables. Based on a random sample of employees ( n = 391) working across different industrial sectors in the United States, we proposed and tested a model (rooted in the Social Exchange Theory and the Job Demands-Resources Model) that examined how authentic leadership, transparent organizational communication, and work-life enrichment are interrelated. A simplified model containing both significant direct and indirect effects fits the data. Theoretical contributions and managerial ramifications of the study were discussed.

Racial/Ethnic and Age Differences in the Direct and Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on US Mortality

2022 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Zalla ◽  
Grace E. Mulholland ◽  
Lindsey M. Filiatreau ◽  
Jessie K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Expected Mortality

Objectives. To estimate the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on overall, race/ethnicity‒specific, and age-specific mortality in 2020 in the United States. Methods. Using surveillance data, we modeled expected mortality, compared it to observed mortality, and estimated the share of “excess” mortality that was indirectly attributable to the pandemic versus directly attributed to COVID-19. We present absolute risks and proportions of total pandemic-related mortality, stratified by race/ethnicity and age. Results. We observed 16.6 excess deaths per 10 000 US population in 2020; 84% were directly attributed to COVID-19. The indirect effects of the pandemic accounted for 16% of excess mortality, with proportions as low as 0% among adults aged 85 years and older and more than 60% among those aged 15 to 44 years. Indirect causes accounted for a higher proportion of excess mortality among racially minoritized groups (e.g., 32% among Black Americans and 23% among Native Americans) compared with White Americans (11%). Conclusions. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality and health disparities are underestimated when only deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 are considered. An equitable public health response to the pandemic should also consider its indirect effects on mortality. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):154–164. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306541 )

Education and Income Effects in the Use of Ambulatory Services in the United States

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Berki ◽  
B. Kobashigawa
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Annual Visit ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Ambulatory Services

The roles of education and income as determinants for utilization of ambulatory services in the U.S. are investigated by the application of path analysis to a subsample of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey. The methodology permits the identification of both the direct and indirect effects of each independent variable on utilization within a model that views need as the major determinant of care. Previous findings that income has no direct effect on utilization, while education does, are reaffirmed. Contrary to previous analyses, however, it is shown that income does have a strong indirect effect on utilization via its impact on need arising from chronic conditions, measured as limitation of activity. Individuals in the highest income category have a mean annual visit rate of 4.13, while the rate for those in the lowest is 5.43. Most of the differential, 1.3, is attributable to the lower prevalence of chronic conditions in the highest income bracket. The total effect of education, on the other hand, is only 60 percent of its direct effect since higher educational attainment is associated with lower levels of chronicity. Disaggregation of direct and indirect effects through the need variables shows that income has a greater effect on utilization than does education.

Atheism as a Concealable Stigmatized Identity: Outness, Anticipated Stigma, and Well-Being

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dena M. Abbott ◽  
Debra Mollen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Social Component ◽  
Anticipated Stigma ◽  
Social Components ◽  
And Training ◽  
Stigmatized Identity

In a preliminary exploration of atheists using a concealable stigmatized identity framework, we investigated outness, identity magnitude, anticipated stigma, and psychological and physical well-being. Atheists ( N = 1,024) in the United States, completed measures of outness, atheist identity magnitude, anticipated stigma, and psychological and physical well-being online. Consistent with predictions, we found small but significant associations between (a) anticipated stigma and well-being, (b) social components of atheist identity magnitude and outness as well as well-being, and (c) outness and well-being. A significant and moderate association was found between anticipated stigma and outness. There were significant, small indirect effects of ingroup ties, a social component of atheist identity magnitude, on psychological and physical well-being via outness; and of ingroup affect, another social component of magnitude, on psychological well-being via disclosure of atheist identity. Implications for research, practice, and training are offered.

scholarly journals The relational and mental health payoffs of staying gritty during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-cultural study in the Philippines and the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110293
Author(s):  
Jesus Alfonso D. Datu ◽  
Frank D. Fincham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Needs Satisfaction

This study examined how the triarchic model of grit (i.e., perseverance of effort, consistency of interests, and adaptability to situations) is related to cultivation of genuine happiness, loneliness, and COVID-19 anxiety in American ( n = 643) and Filipino ( n = 546) undergraduate students. It also explored whether grit had indirect effects on such social and well-being outcomes via relatedness needs satisfaction and meaning in life. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that whereas all grit dimensions were linked to increased relatedness needs satisfaction and meaning in life in the United States, only consistency and adaptability were associated with such constructs in the Philippines. Meaning in life was related to increased cultivation of happiness and reduced loneliness in both societies. Relatedness needs satisfaction was associated with higher happiness as well as decreased COVID-19 anxiety and loneliness in the United States and the Philippines. Finally, evidence supported indirect effects of grit on cultivation of genuine happiness via relatedness needs satisfaction and meaning in life in both settings. This research complements existing literature on the relational and psychological benefits of staying gritty in different societies.

Climate Change and Bark Beetles of the Western United States and Canada: Direct and Indirect Effects

BioScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 602-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Bentz ◽  
Jacques Régnière ◽  
Christopher J Fettig ◽  
E. Matthew Hansen ◽  
Jane L. Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects

scholarly journals The Direct and Indirect Effects of a Global Pandemic on US Fishers and Seafood Workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Easton R White ◽  
Jill Levine ◽  
Amanda Moeser ◽  
Julie Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Seafood Processing

The United States' seafood industry experienced major shifts in consumer demand and COVID-19 social-distancing restrictions starting in March 2020, when the early stages of the pandemic were unfolding. However, the specific effects on workers across seafood value chains are less well known. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC), fishers and seafood workers face an increased risk of workplace exposure to COVID-19 given the close proximity to others in processing facilities and on fishing vessels, long work hours, and communal housing, living, and transportation arrangements associated with seasonal employment. To explore this hypothesis, and given a lack of data on the sector, we reviewed news articles, scientific articles, and white papers to identify the various effects of COVID-19 on US seafood workers and to track COVID-19 cases and outbreaks. Here, we show that most COVID-19 cases among seafood workers were reported during the summer of 2020 and during the beginning of 2021 with outbreaks primarily occurring in seafood processing. COVID-19 cases were documented throughout coastal areas, with Alaska experiencing the largest number of cases and outbreaks. Based on news reports, seafood workers were about twice as likely to contract COVID-19 as workers in other parts of the overall US food system. By examining news articles and scientific literature, we also documented a number of indirect effects of the pandemic. Social-distancing restrictions limited crew size and number of workers on processing lines, resulting in longer work hours and more physical and mental taxation. Economic consequences of the pandemic were reportedly a primary concern for fishers and aquaculture businesses, including changes in markets, supply and demand, in addition to revenue loss, price fluctuations, supply chain issues, and labor shortages. Fewer outlets interviewed workers in seafood processing; however, concerns about workplace safety, contracting COVID-19, access to medical services, vaccination, and paid sick leave were all noted. We also highlight a number of inequities in COVID-19 responses within the seafood sector, both along racial and gender lines. Peer-reviewed studies and news coverage all point to diverse direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on workers across seafood value chains. The summary of these effects can serve as a foundation for future work on infection control and occupational outreach to workers in the seafood sector.

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