scholarly journals Using Normative Theory to Explain the Effect of Religion and Education on Volunteering

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonmo Son ◽  
John Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Volunteer Work ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Many studies have found that volunteers tend to be more religious and better educated, but it is not clear why. One explanation is that churches and schools instill a sense of obligation in people to help others and this obligation is fulfilled by doing volunteer work. In this study data from National Survey of Midlife in the United States are used to examine the influence of education and having been raised in a religious home on adults' sense of obligation and subsequent volunteering. Religious background has no direct effect on sense of obligation. However, it exerts an influence on obligation through private (but not public) adult religiosity. Education has both direct and indirect effects (through obligations) on adult volunteering. The results underline the fact that social norms should not be ignored in explanations of volunteerism.

Learning More From Evaluation of Justice Interventions: Further Consideration of Theoretical Mechanisms in Juvenile Drug Courts

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Long ◽  
Christopher J. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Drug Court ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Courts ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Juvenile Drug Court ◽  
Path Models ◽  
Court Process

It is essential to learn as much as possible from justice interventions—even those that do not appear to be successful. Data came from a sample of youths participating in drug courts in nine sites across the United States and a comparison group of probationers ( N = 1,372). Measures were drawn from case records. Path models with direct and indirect effects were analyzed. Aspects of the juvenile drug court process appear to heighten the likelihood of youth failure in the program and recidivism. The ratio of incentives to sanctions was protective as drug court youth who experienced more of the former had a reduced likelihood of recidivism. The article concludes that it is important to examine mechanisms that impact the success of justice interventions.

Education and Income Effects in the Use of Ambulatory Services in the United States

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Berki ◽  
B. Kobashigawa
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Annual Visit ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Ambulatory Services

The roles of education and income as determinants for utilization of ambulatory services in the U.S. are investigated by the application of path analysis to a subsample of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey. The methodology permits the identification of both the direct and indirect effects of each independent variable on utilization within a model that views need as the major determinant of care. Previous findings that income has no direct effect on utilization, while education does, are reaffirmed. Contrary to previous analyses, however, it is shown that income does have a strong indirect effect on utilization via its impact on need arising from chronic conditions, measured as limitation of activity. Individuals in the highest income category have a mean annual visit rate of 4.13, while the rate for those in the lowest is 5.43. Most of the differential, 1.3, is attributable to the lower prevalence of chronic conditions in the highest income bracket. The total effect of education, on the other hand, is only 60 percent of its direct effect since higher educational attainment is associated with lower levels of chronicity. Disaggregation of direct and indirect effects through the need variables shows that income has a greater effect on utilization than does education.

scholarly journals Estimating the direct and indirect effects of secondary organic aerosols using ECHAM5-HAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 8635-8659 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Donnell ◽  
K. Tsigaridis ◽  
J. Feichter
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been introduced into the global climate-aerosol model ECHAM5/HAM. The SOA module handles aerosols originating from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The model simulates the emission of precursor gases, their chemical conversion into condensable gases, the partitioning of semi-volatile condenable species into the gas and aerosol phases. As ECHAM5/HAM is a size-resolved model, a new method that permits the calculation of partitioning of semi-volatile species between different size classes is introduced. We compare results of modelled organic aerosol concentrations against measurements from extensive measurement networks in Europe and the United States, running the model with and without SOA. We also compare modelled aerosol optical depth against measurements from the AERONET network of grond stations. We find that SOA improves agreement between model and measurements in both organic aerosol mass and aerosol optical depth, but does not fully correct the low bias that is present in the model for both of these quantities. Although many models now include SOA, any overall estimate of the direct and indirect effects of these aerosols is still lacking. This paper makes a first step in that direction. The model is applied to estimate the direct and indirect effects of SOA under simulated year 2000 conditions. The modelled SOA spatial distribution indicates that SOA is likely to be an important source of free and upper tropospheric aerosol. We find a negative shortwave (SW) forcing from the direct effect, amounting to −0.31 Wm−2 on the global annual mean. In contrast, the model indicates a positive indirect effect of SOA of +0.23 Wm−2, arising from the enlargement of particles due to condensation of SOA, together with an enhanced coagulation sink of small particles. In the longwave, model results are a direct effect of +0.02 Wm−2 and an indirect effect of −0.03 Wm−2.

Zedan v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-830
Author(s):  
Edward M. Leigh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Telephone Call ◽  
District Court ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
American Citizen

Plaintiff Zedan, an American citizen, brought suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for breach of a contract guaranteeing wages and profits. While performance under the contract occurred in Saudi Arabia, plaintiff alleged that the jurisdictional requirements under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (28 U.S.C. §§1330, 1602-1611 (1982)) (FSIA) were satisfied by a recruitment call in California from a representative of the royal overseer of a private Saudi company. The district court granted the Saudi motion to dismiss. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (per Silberman, J.) unanimously affirmed and held: (1) that the telephone call did not have the requisite substantiality of contact with the United States; (2) that it was not sufficient to form the basis of a cause of action; and (3) that the alleged breach did not have sufficient direct effect in the United States to satisfy the exceptions to immunity under the FSIA.

scholarly journals Volunteers’ Felt Respect and Its Associations With Volunteering Retention, Daily Affect, Well-being, and Mortality

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1625-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight C K Tse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Volunteer Work ◽  
Daily Affect

Abstract Objectives Volunteering is associated with improved physical and psychological well-being; volunteers feeling more respect for their work may have better well-being than their counterparts. Methods This study investigated the effects of felt respect for volunteer work on volunteering retention, daily affect, well-being (subjective, psychological, and social), and mortality. The study analyzed survey and mortality data from a national sample of 2,677 volunteers from the Midlife in the United States Study over a 20-year span. Daily affect data were obtained from a subsample of 1,032 volunteers. Results Compared to volunteers feeling less respect from others, those feeling more respect (a) were more likely to continue volunteering 10 and 20 years later, (b) had higher levels of daily positive affect and lower levels of daily negative affect, and (c) had higher levels of well-being over a 20-year period. The effect of felt respect on mortality was not statistically significant. Discussion Greater level of felt respect for volunteer work is positively related to volunteers’ retention rates, daily affective experience, and well-being.

The comparison of social studies textbooks in Turkey, the United States and France based on values education

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 630-640
Author(s):  
Tuğba Kafadar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Values Education ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Social Studies Textbooks ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Self Transcendence

The present study aimed to compare social studies or equivalent course textbooks in Turkey, the United States, and France (ethics-citizenship education) based on values education content. The study was designed with the holistic multi-case method, a qualitative research approach, and the study data were collected with document analysis. The study group was assigned with criterion sampling, a purposive sampling method. The study data were analyzed with the content analysis technique. The study findings were as follows: Value dimensions in the textbooks employed in the three countries were similar in the self-transcendence value dimension in Turkey and France, while self-enhancement value dimension was identified in the US (New York) textbooks. Analysis of the value types identified in the textbooks of the three countries demonstrated that the achievement category was prominent in Turkish and American (New York) textbooks, while universalism-concern value type was observed in France. Modesty value type was observed the least in the USA (New York) and France textbooks. However, the least frequent category was prestige in Turkish textbooks. The instruction approaches that were frequently observed in the textbook learning-instruction processes in the three countries were similar and the value explanation approach was adopted in Turkish and American (New York) social studies and French ethics-citizenship textbooks. The least frequent value instruction approaches in the textbooks were value instruction by observation in Turkish and French textbooks and moral reasoning method in the American (New York) social studies textbooks. Furthermore, American (New York) textbooks did not employ the value instruction by observation approach.

scholarly journals Using occupancy models to assess the direct and indirect impacts of agricultural expansion on species’ populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (13) ◽  
pp. 3669-3688
Author(s):  
Asunción Semper-Pascual ◽  
Julieta Decarre ◽  
Matthias Baumann ◽  
Micaela Camino ◽  
Yamil Di Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Expansion ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Occupancy Models ◽  
Occupancy Modelling

Abstract Land-use change is a global threat to biodiversity, but how land-use change affects species beyond the direct effect of habitat loss remains poorly understood. We developed an approach to isolate and map the direct and indirect effects of agricultural expansion on species of conservation concern, using the threatened giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in the Gran Chaco as an example. We reconstructed anteater occupancy change between 1985 and 2015 by fitting single-season occupancy models with contemporary camera-trap data and backcasting the models to 1985 and 2000 land-cover/use maps. Based on this, we compared the area of forest loss (direct effect of agricultural expansion) with the area where forests remained but occupancy still declined (indirect effect of agricultural expansion). Anteater occupancy decreased substantially since 1985, particularly after 2000 when agriculture expanded rapidly. Between 1985 and 2015, ~ 64,000 km2 of forest disappeared, yet occupancy declined across a larger area (~ 102,000 km2), extending far into seemingly untransformed habitat. This suggests that widespread sink habitat has emerged due to agricultural land-use change, and that species may lose their habitat through direct and indirect effects of agricultural expansion, highlighting the urgent need for broad-scale conservation planning in the Chaco. Appropriate management responses could proactively protect more habitat where populations are stable, and restore habitat or address causes of mortality in areas where declines occur. Our work also highlights how occupancy modelling combined with remote sensing can help to detect the direct and indirect effects of agricultural expansion, providing guidance for spatially targeting conservation strategies to halt extinctions.

Creating an Engaged Workforce

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Jiang ◽  
Rita Linjuan Men
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The Social

Scholars have increasingly recognized the importance of studying factors leading to employee engagement. However, few researchers have created and tested theoretical models that propose mechanisms linking employee engagement to social contextual variables. Based on a random sample of employees ( n = 391) working across different industrial sectors in the United States, we proposed and tested a model (rooted in the Social Exchange Theory and the Job Demands-Resources Model) that examined how authentic leadership, transparent organizational communication, and work-life enrichment are interrelated. A simplified model containing both significant direct and indirect effects fits the data. Theoretical contributions and managerial ramifications of the study were discussed.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tülin Gençöz ◽  
Yeşim Özlale ◽  
Randy Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
University Students ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Undergraduate University Students

The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of social support on psychological well-being. Social support was evaluated under two different categories which were named as Aid-Related and Appreciation-Related Socia+l Support. The first category was more related to potential for receiving help from others when needed, and being cared for by others, while the latter category was more related to being recognized by others as an efficient source of help and reassurance of worth. Undergraduate university students (N =342) served as subjects, and results revealed that aid-related social support and psychological well-being (i.e., alleviated depression symptoms) association was partially mediated by experiencing fewer life stresses. On the other hand, appreciation-related social support had a direct effect on psychological well-being. Implications of these results are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document