scholarly journals The Direct and Indirect Effects of a Global Pandemic on US Fishers and Seafood Workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Easton R White ◽  
Jill Levine ◽  
Amanda Moeser ◽  
Julie Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Seafood Processing

The United States' seafood industry experienced major shifts in consumer demand and COVID-19 social-distancing restrictions starting in March 2020, when the early stages of the pandemic were unfolding. However, the specific effects on workers across seafood value chains are less well known. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC), fishers and seafood workers face an increased risk of workplace exposure to COVID-19 given the close proximity to others in processing facilities and on fishing vessels, long work hours, and communal housing, living, and transportation arrangements associated with seasonal employment. To explore this hypothesis, and given a lack of data on the sector, we reviewed news articles, scientific articles, and white papers to identify the various effects of COVID-19 on US seafood workers and to track COVID-19 cases and outbreaks. Here, we show that most COVID-19 cases among seafood workers were reported during the summer of 2020 and during the beginning of 2021 with outbreaks primarily occurring in seafood processing. COVID-19 cases were documented throughout coastal areas, with Alaska experiencing the largest number of cases and outbreaks. Based on news reports, seafood workers were about twice as likely to contract COVID-19 as workers in other parts of the overall US food system. By examining news articles and scientific literature, we also documented a number of indirect effects of the pandemic. Social-distancing restrictions limited crew size and number of workers on processing lines, resulting in longer work hours and more physical and mental taxation. Economic consequences of the pandemic were reportedly a primary concern for fishers and aquaculture businesses, including changes in markets, supply and demand, in addition to revenue loss, price fluctuations, supply chain issues, and labor shortages. Fewer outlets interviewed workers in seafood processing; however, concerns about workplace safety, contracting COVID-19, access to medical services, vaccination, and paid sick leave were all noted. We also highlight a number of inequities in COVID-19 responses within the seafood sector, both along racial and gender lines. Peer-reviewed studies and news coverage all point to diverse direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on workers across seafood value chains. The summary of these effects can serve as a foundation for future work on infection control and occupational outreach to workers in the seafood sector.

Creating an Engaged Workforce

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Jiang ◽  
Rita Linjuan Men
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The Social

Scholars have increasingly recognized the importance of studying factors leading to employee engagement. However, few researchers have created and tested theoretical models that propose mechanisms linking employee engagement to social contextual variables. Based on a random sample of employees ( n = 391) working across different industrial sectors in the United States, we proposed and tested a model (rooted in the Social Exchange Theory and the Job Demands-Resources Model) that examined how authentic leadership, transparent organizational communication, and work-life enrichment are interrelated. A simplified model containing both significant direct and indirect effects fits the data. Theoretical contributions and managerial ramifications of the study were discussed.

scholarly journals Prediction of suicidal ideation risk in a prospective cohort study of medical interns

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260620
Author(s):  
Tyler L. Malone ◽  
Zhou Zhao ◽  
Tzu-Ying Liu ◽  
Peter X. K. Song ◽  
Srijan Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Increased Risk

The purpose of this study was to identify individual and residency program factors associated with increased suicide risk, as measured by suicidal ideation. We utilized a prospective, longitudinal cohort study design to assess the prevalence and predictors of suicidal ideation in 6,691 (2012–2014 cohorts, training data set) and 4,904 (2015 cohort, test data set) first-year training physicians (interns) at hospital systems across the United States. We assessed suicidal ideation two months before internship and then quarterly through intern year. The prevalence of reported suicidal ideation in the study population increased from 3.0% at baseline to a mean of 6.9% during internship. 16.4% of interns reported suicidal ideation at least once during their internship. In the training dataset, a series of baseline demographic (male gender) and psychological factors (high neuroticism, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation) were associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation during internship. Further, prior quarter psychiatric symptoms (depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation) and concurrent work-related factors (increase in self-reported work hours and medical errors) were associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation. A model derived from the training dataset had a predicted area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.83 in the test dataset. The suicidal ideation risk predictors analyzed in this study can help programs and interns identify those at risk for suicidal ideation before the onset of training. Further, increases in self-reported work hours and environments associated with increased medical errors are potentially modifiable factors for residency programs to target to reduce suicide risk.

Racial/Ethnic and Age Differences in the Direct and Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on US Mortality

2022 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Zalla ◽  
Grace E. Mulholland ◽  
Lindsey M. Filiatreau ◽  
Jessie K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Expected Mortality

Objectives. To estimate the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on overall, race/ethnicity‒specific, and age-specific mortality in 2020 in the United States. Methods. Using surveillance data, we modeled expected mortality, compared it to observed mortality, and estimated the share of “excess” mortality that was indirectly attributable to the pandemic versus directly attributed to COVID-19. We present absolute risks and proportions of total pandemic-related mortality, stratified by race/ethnicity and age. Results. We observed 16.6 excess deaths per 10 000 US population in 2020; 84% were directly attributed to COVID-19. The indirect effects of the pandemic accounted for 16% of excess mortality, with proportions as low as 0% among adults aged 85 years and older and more than 60% among those aged 15 to 44 years. Indirect causes accounted for a higher proportion of excess mortality among racially minoritized groups (e.g., 32% among Black Americans and 23% among Native Americans) compared with White Americans (11%). Conclusions. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality and health disparities are underestimated when only deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 are considered. An equitable public health response to the pandemic should also consider its indirect effects on mortality. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):154–164. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306541 )

Learning More From Evaluation of Justice Interventions: Further Consideration of Theoretical Mechanisms in Juvenile Drug Courts

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Long ◽  
Christopher J. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Drug Court ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Courts ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Juvenile Drug Court ◽  
Path Models ◽  
Court Process

It is essential to learn as much as possible from justice interventions—even those that do not appear to be successful. Data came from a sample of youths participating in drug courts in nine sites across the United States and a comparison group of probationers ( N = 1,372). Measures were drawn from case records. Path models with direct and indirect effects were analyzed. Aspects of the juvenile drug court process appear to heighten the likelihood of youth failure in the program and recidivism. The ratio of incentives to sanctions was protective as drug court youth who experienced more of the former had a reduced likelihood of recidivism. The article concludes that it is important to examine mechanisms that impact the success of justice interventions.

Education and Income Effects in the Use of Ambulatory Services in the United States

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Berki ◽  
B. Kobashigawa
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Annual Visit ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Ambulatory Services

The roles of education and income as determinants for utilization of ambulatory services in the U.S. are investigated by the application of path analysis to a subsample of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey. The methodology permits the identification of both the direct and indirect effects of each independent variable on utilization within a model that views need as the major determinant of care. Previous findings that income has no direct effect on utilization, while education does, are reaffirmed. Contrary to previous analyses, however, it is shown that income does have a strong indirect effect on utilization via its impact on need arising from chronic conditions, measured as limitation of activity. Individuals in the highest income category have a mean annual visit rate of 4.13, while the rate for those in the lowest is 5.43. Most of the differential, 1.3, is attributable to the lower prevalence of chronic conditions in the highest income bracket. The total effect of education, on the other hand, is only 60 percent of its direct effect since higher educational attainment is associated with lower levels of chronicity. Disaggregation of direct and indirect effects through the need variables shows that income has a greater effect on utilization than does education.

scholarly journals High Boredom Proneness and Low Trait Self-Control Impair Adherence to Social Distancing Guidelines during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanja Wolff ◽  
Corinna S. Martarelli ◽  
Julia Schüler ◽  
Maik Bieleke
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Boredom Proneness ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Predictors Of Adherence

Social distancing during the coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is crucial to reduce the spread of the virus. However, its effectiveness hinges on adherence by individuals who face substantial burdens from the required behavioral restrictions. Here, we investigate sources of individual variation in adhering to social distancing guidelines. In a high-powered study (N = 895), we tested direct and indirect effects of boredom and self-control on adherence. The results showed that both traits were important predictors of adherence but the underlying mechanisms differed. Specifically, individuals high in boredom perceived social distancing as more difficult, which in turn reduced their adherence (i.e., a mediated effect). In contrast, individuals high in self-control adhered more to the guidelines without perceiving them as more or less difficult; however, self-control moderated the effect of difficulty on adherence. Our results are immediately relevant to improve the efficacy of social distancing guidelines in the COVID-19 response.

scholarly journals Estimating the direct and indirect effects of secondary organic aerosols using ECHAM5-HAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 8635-8659 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Donnell ◽  
K. Tsigaridis ◽  
J. Feichter
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been introduced into the global climate-aerosol model ECHAM5/HAM. The SOA module handles aerosols originating from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The model simulates the emission of precursor gases, their chemical conversion into condensable gases, the partitioning of semi-volatile condenable species into the gas and aerosol phases. As ECHAM5/HAM is a size-resolved model, a new method that permits the calculation of partitioning of semi-volatile species between different size classes is introduced. We compare results of modelled organic aerosol concentrations against measurements from extensive measurement networks in Europe and the United States, running the model with and without SOA. We also compare modelled aerosol optical depth against measurements from the AERONET network of grond stations. We find that SOA improves agreement between model and measurements in both organic aerosol mass and aerosol optical depth, but does not fully correct the low bias that is present in the model for both of these quantities. Although many models now include SOA, any overall estimate of the direct and indirect effects of these aerosols is still lacking. This paper makes a first step in that direction. The model is applied to estimate the direct and indirect effects of SOA under simulated year 2000 conditions. The modelled SOA spatial distribution indicates that SOA is likely to be an important source of free and upper tropospheric aerosol. We find a negative shortwave (SW) forcing from the direct effect, amounting to −0.31 Wm−2 on the global annual mean. In contrast, the model indicates a positive indirect effect of SOA of +0.23 Wm−2, arising from the enlargement of particles due to condensation of SOA, together with an enhanced coagulation sink of small particles. In the longwave, model results are a direct effect of +0.02 Wm−2 and an indirect effect of −0.03 Wm−2.

scholarly journals Using Normative Theory to Explain the Effect of Religion and Education on Volunteering

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonmo Son ◽  
John Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Volunteer Work ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Many studies have found that volunteers tend to be more religious and better educated, but it is not clear why. One explanation is that churches and schools instill a sense of obligation in people to help others and this obligation is fulfilled by doing volunteer work. In this study data from National Survey of Midlife in the United States are used to examine the influence of education and having been raised in a religious home on adults' sense of obligation and subsequent volunteering. Religious background has no direct effect on sense of obligation. However, it exerts an influence on obligation through private (but not public) adult religiosity. Education has both direct and indirect effects (through obligations) on adult volunteering. The results underline the fact that social norms should not be ignored in explanations of volunteerism.

scholarly journals Comparative Judicial Emergency Administration during Pandemic Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ibnu Sina Chandranegara
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The United States ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Take The Best ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Court Administration

The Decree of a state of emergency affects not only the executive and legislative branches but also the judiciary. The Covid-19 Pandemic in various countries has both direct and indirect effects on the judiciary, especially in the performance of its duties and functions. This article is to found out the answer of two research question first, how court administration in the United States and Indonesia responds to the Covid-19 pandemic emergency and second, how is its reflection in on optimizing access to justice for court administration even under in the state of emergencies to the pandemic Covid -19. This study uses the comparative method by a study on legal material and practice of judicial emergency in other countries to take the best material and approach to provides advice that needs to be avoided in Indonesian Judiciary. This article has a novelty that legal material in the Judiciary act and procedural law books so limiting delegation to set supplementary regulations for each court and creating potential uniformity for emergency policy in the judiciary.

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