Behavioral response bias and event‐related brain potentials implicate elevated incentive salience attribution to alcohol cues in emerging adults with lower sensitivity to alcohol

Addiction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto U. Cofresí ◽  
Casey B. Kohen ◽  
Courtney A. Motschman ◽  
Reinout W. Wiers ◽  
Thomas M. Piasecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Incentive Salience ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Alcohol Cues

scholarly journals The attribution of incentive salience to Pavlovian alcohol cues: a shift from goal-tracking to sign-tracking

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra S. Srey ◽  
Jean-Marie N. Maddux ◽  
Nadia Chaudhri
Keyword(s):  
Incentive Salience ◽  
Sign Tracking ◽  
Alcohol Cues ◽  
Goal Tracking

scholarly journals Understanding communicative intentions in schizophrenia using an error analysis approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parola Alberto ◽  
Claudio Brasso ◽  
Rosalba Morese ◽  
Paola Rocca ◽  
Francesca M. Bosco
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Attributional Bias ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Communicative Intention ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Signal Detection Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPatients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have a core impairment in the communicative-pragmatic domain, characterized by severe difficulties in correctly inferring the speaker’s communicative intentions. While several studies have investigated pragmatic performance of patients with SCZ, little research has analyzed the errors committed in the comprehension of different communicative acts. The present research investigated error patterns in 24 patients with SCZ and 24 healthy controls (HC) during a task assessing the comprehension of different communicative acts, i.e., sincere, deceitful and ironic, and their relationship with the clinical features of SCZ. We used signal detection analysis to quantify participants’ ability to correctly detect the speakers’ communicative intention, i.e., sensitivity, and their tendency to wrongly perceive a communicative intention when not present, i.e., response bias. Further, we investigated the relationship between sensitivity and response bias, and the clinical features of the disorder, namely symptom severity, pharmacotherapy, and personal and social functioning. The results showed that the ability to infer the speaker’s communicative intention is impaired in SCZ, as patients exhibited lower sensitivity, compared to HC, for all the pragmatic phenomena evaluated, i.e., sincere, deceitful, and ironic communicative acts. Further, we found that the sensitivity measure for irony was related to disorganized/concrete symptoms. Moreover, patients with SCZ showed a stronger response bias for deceitful communicative acts compared to HC: when committing errors, they tended to misattribute deceitful intentions more often than sincere and ironic ones. This tendency to misattribute deceitful communicative intentions may be related to the attributional bias characterizing the disorder.

Effects of Metrical Encoding on Melody Recognition

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Acevedo ◽  
David Temperley ◽  
Peter Q. Pfordresher
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Pitch Change ◽  
Melody Recognition ◽  
Pattern Structure ◽  
Trial Participants

We report two experiments exploring whether matched metrical and motivic structure facilitate the recognition of melodic patterns. Eight tonal melodies were composed from binary (four-note) or ternary (three-note) motivic patterns, and were each presented within a metrical context that either matched or mismatched the pattern. On each trial, participants heard patterns twice and performed a same-different task; in half the trials, one pitch in the second presentation was altered. Performance was analyzed using signal detection analyses of sensitivity and response bias. In Experiment 1, expert listeners showed greater sensitivity to pitch change when metrical context matched motivic pattern structure than when they conflicted (an effect of metrical encoding) and showed no response bias. Novice listeners, however, did not show an effect of metrical encoding, exhibiting lower sensitivity and a bias toward responding “same.” In a second experiment using only novices, each trial contained five presentations of the standard followed by one presentation of the comparison. Sensitivity to changes improved relative to Experiment 1: evidence for metrical encoding – in the form of reduced response bias when meter and motive matched – was found. Results support the metrical encoding hypothesis and suggest that the use of metrical encoding may develop with expertise.

scholarly journals University-Affiliated Alcohol Marketing Enhances the Incentive Salience of Alcohol Cues

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Bartholow ◽  
Chris Loersch ◽  
Tiffany A. Ito ◽  
Meredith P. Levsen ◽  
Hannah I. Volpert-Esmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Incentive Salience ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
Alcohol Cues ◽  
Alcohol Involvement ◽  
Alcohol Marketing ◽  
Related Potentials

We tested whether affiliating beer brands with universities enhances the incentive salience of those brands for underage drinkers. In Study 1, 128 undergraduates viewed beer cues while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Results showed that beer cues paired with in-group backgrounds (logos for students’ universities) evoked an enhanced P3 ERP component, a neural index of incentive salience. This effect varied according to students’ levels of identification with their university, and the amplitude of the P3 response prospectively predicted alcohol use over 1 month. In Study 2 ( N = 104), we used a naturalistic advertisement exposure to experimentally create in-group brand associations and found that this manipulation caused an increase in the incentive salience of the beer brand. These data provide the first evidence that marketing beer via affiliating it with students’ universities enhances the incentive salience of the brand for underage students and that this effect has implications for their alcohol involvement.

scholarly journals Emerging Adults’ Self-Efficacy as a Resource for Coping With the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 216769682110192
Author(s):  
Claudia Recksiedler ◽  
Monique Landberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Developmental Task ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Psychological Resource

The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting emerging adults during a crucial developmental period, which may have long-lasting effects on their developmental task progression and psychosocial adjustment. Because self-efficacy is a well-researched psychological resource to deal with substantial challenges, the present study examined the link between emerging adults’ life- and domain-specific satisfaction during the pandemic and self-efficacy before the pandemic. Drawing on a sample of 377 German emerging adults (56.5% female), we found that self-efficacy prior to the pandemic was not associated with life or domain-specific satisfaction during the pandemic. However, results revealed that associations between domain-specific satisfaction during the pandemic and self-efficacy varied by educational attainment. Results are discussed in light of specific circumstances related to the progression of the pandemic in Germany, possible non-response bias, as well as implications for social policy and future research.

A randomized cross-over trial in patients suspected of PAD on diagnostic accuracy of ankle-brachial index by Doppler-based versus four-point oscillometry based measurements

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 516-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Mayr ◽  
Mirko Hirschl ◽  
Peter Klein-Weigel ◽  
Luka Girardi ◽  
Michael Kundi
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Oscillometric Device ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Summary. Background: For diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD), a Doppler-based ankle-brachial-index (dABI) is recommended as the first non-invasive measurement. Due to limitations of dABI, oscillometry might be used as an alternative. The aim of our study was to investigate whether a semi-automatic, four-point oscillometric device provides comparable diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, time requirements and patient preferences were evaluated. Patients and methods: 286 patients were recruited for the study; 140 without and 146 with PAD. The Doppler-based (dABI) and oscillometric (oABI and pulse wave index – PWI) measurements were performed on the same day in a randomized cross-over design. Specificity and sensitivity against verified PAD diagnosis were computed and compared by McNemar tests. ROC analyses were performed and areas under the curve were compared by non-parametric methods. Results: oABI had significantly lower sensitivity (65.8%, 95% CI: 59.2%–71.9%) compared to dABI (87.3%, CI: 81.9–91.3%) but significantly higher specificity (79.7%, 74.7–83.9% vs. 67.0%, 61.3–72.2%). PWI had a comparable sensitivity to dABI. The combination of oABI and PWI had the highest sensitivity (88.8%, 85.7–91.4%). ROC analysis revealed that PWI had the largest area under the curve, but no significant differences between oABI and dABI were observed. Time requirement for oABI was significantly shorter by about 5 min and significantly more patients would prefer oABI for future testing. Conclusions: Semi-automatic oABI measurements using the AngER-device provide comparable diagnostic results to the conventional Doppler method while PWI performed best. The time saved by oscillometry could be important, especially in high volume centers and epidemiologic studies.

A Longitudinal Study of Mental Health in Emerging Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica S. Bachmann ◽  
Hansjörg Znoj ◽  
Katja Haemmerli
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Consistency Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Health Model

Emerging adulthood is a time of instability. This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between mental health and need satisfaction among emerging adults over a period of five years and focused on gender-specific differences. Two possible causal models were examined: (1) the mental health model, which predicts that incongruence is due to the presence of impaired mental health at an earlier point in time; (2) the consistency model, which predicts that impaired mental health is due to a higher level of incongruence reported at an earlier point in time. Emerging adults (N = 1,017) aged 18–24 completed computer-assisted telephone interviews in 2003 (T1), 2005 (T2), and 2008 (T3). The results indicate that better mental health at T1 predicts a lower level of incongruence two years later (T2), when prior level of incongruence is controlled for. The same cross-lagged effect is shown for T3. However, the cross-lagged paths from incongruence to mental health are marginally associated when prior mental health is controlled for. No gender differences were found in the cross-lagged model. The results support the mental health model and show that incongruence does not have a long-lasting negative effect on mental health. The results highlight the importance of identifying emerging adults with poor mental health early to provide support regarding need satisfaction.

Picture Recognition Errors in the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Helmut Hildebrandt ◽  
Jana Schill ◽  
Jana Bördgen ◽  
Andreas Kastrup ◽  
Paul Eling
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Discriminatory Power ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Picture Recognition ◽  
Recognition Errors

Abstract. This article explores the possibility of differentiating between patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and patients with other kinds of dementia by focusing on false alarms (FAs) on a picture recognition task (PRT). In Study 1, we compared AD and non-AD patients on the PRT and found that FAs discriminate well between these groups. Study 2 served to improve the discriminatory power of the FA score on the picture recognition task by adding associated pairs. Here, too, the FA score differentiated well between AD and non-AD patients, though the discriminatory power did not improve. The findings suggest that AD patients show a liberal response bias. Taken together, these studies suggest that FAs in picture recognition are of major importance for the clinical diagnosis of AD.

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