FOOD AWAY FROM HOME AND CALORIC INTAKE: THE ROLE OF RESTAURANT MENU LABELING LAWS

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Todd ◽  
Lisa Mancino ◽  
Brandon J. Restrepo ◽  
Claudine Kavanaugh ◽  
Chris Dicken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Menu Labeling ◽  
Food Away From Home

scholarly journals The effects of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers on obesity and diabetes: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanli Jiao ◽  
Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
The Body ◽  
Incretin Hormone ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors

Sweet taste, one of the five basic taste qualities, is not only important for evaluation of food quality, but also guides the dietary food choices of animals. Sweet taste involves a variety of chemical compounds and structures, including natural sugars, sugar alcohols, natural and artificial sweeteners, and sweet-tasting proteins. The preference for sweetness has induced the over-consumption of sugar, contributing to certain prevailing health problems, such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Non-nutritive sweeteners, including natural and synthetic sweeteners, and sweet-tasting proteins have been added to foods to reduce the caloric intake from sugar, but many of these sugar substitutes induce an off-taste or after taste that negatively impacts any pleasure derived from the sweet taste. Sweet taste is detected by sweet taste receptor, that also play an important role in the metabolic regulation of the body, such as glucose homeostasis and incretin hormone secretion. In this review, the role of sweet tastants and the sweet taste receptors involved in sweetness perception, and their effect on obesity and diabetes are summarized. Sweet taste enhancement, as a new way to solve the over-consumption of sugar, is discussed in this contribution. Sweet taste enhancers can bind with sweet tastans to potentiate the sweetness of food without producing any taste by itself. Various type of sweet taste enhancers, including synthetic compounds, food-processed substances and aroma compounds, are summarized. Notably, few natural, non-volatile compounds have been identified as sweetness enhancers.

scholarly journals Perspective: Measuring Sweetness in Foods, Beverages, and Diets: Toward Understanding the Role of Sweetness in Health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula R Trumbo ◽  
Katherine M Appleton ◽  
Kees de Graaf ◽  
John E Hayes ◽  
David J Baer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Optimal Approach ◽  
Support Evidence

ABSTRACT Various global public health agencies recommend minimizing exposure to sweet-tasting foods or beverages. The underlying rationale is that reducing exposure to the perception of sweet tastes, without regard to the source of sweetness, may reduce preferences for sweetness, added sugar intake, caloric intake, and body weight. However, the veracity of this sequence of outcomes has yet to be documented, as revealed by findings from recent systematic reviews on the topic. Efforts to examine and document the effects of sweetness exposure are needed to support evidence-based recommendations. They require a generally agreed-upon methodology for measuring sweetness in foods, beverages, and the overall diet. Although well-established sensory evaluation techniques exist for individual foods in laboratory settings, they are expensive and time-consuming, and agreement on the optimal approach for measuring the sweetness of the total diet is lacking. If such a measure could be developed, it would permit researchers to combine data from different studies and populations and facilitate the design and conduct of new studies to address unresolved research questions about dietary sweetness. This narrative review includes an overview of available sensory techniques, their strengths and limitations, recent efforts to measure the sweetness of foods and diets across countries and cultures, and a proposed future direction for improving methods for measuring sweetness toward developing the data required to support evidence-based recommendations around dietary sweetness.

Suppression of food intake by intravenous nutrients and insulin in the baboon

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. R393-R401 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Woods ◽  
L. J. Stein ◽  
L. D. McKay ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Daily Caloric Intake ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Regulate Food Intake

Intravenous nutrients were infused at 25 and 50% of total base-line daily caloric intake to determine the role of circulating factors on spontaneous food ingestion in young adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Glucose infusion suppressed food intake (15.1%) when 25% of total calories was infused (P less than 0.05) and 41.8% when 50% of total calories was infused (P less than 0.05) for 14-21 days. Both infusions produced basal hyperglycemia (82-172 mg/dl during 25% glucose and 120-239 mg/dl during 50% glucose). Both infusions also caused an increase in circulating insulin (48.1-63.1 microU/ml during 25% glucose and 68.5-77.2 microU/ml during 50% glucose). The simultaneous infusion of exogenous insulin (0.33 mU X kg-1 X min-1) prevented hyperglycemia (85.8-87.9 mg/dl during 25% glucose) but maintained raised basal peripheral insulin levels (52.4-84.4 microU/ml). The 13% suppression of food intake (P less than 0.05) was similar to glucose infusion alone. Comparable infusions of Intralipid as 25 and 50% of total daily calories also suppressed spontaneous food intake but did not produce hyperglycemia or elevated insulin levels. The magnitude of suppression was similar to that of glucose: 16% when 25% of basal calories was infused (P less than 0.05) and 31.3% when 50% of basal calories was infused (P less than 0.05). However, the pattern was different with a more rapid effect, which tended to diminish in time, rather than the slow effect found with glucose, which was maintained for 14 days. We conclude that circulating nutrients can regulate food intake independent of gastrointestinal absorption in primates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Role of Sleep Timing in Caloric Intake and BMI

Obesity ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1374-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly G. Baron ◽  
Kathryn J. Reid ◽  
Andrew S. Kern ◽  
Phyllis C. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sleep Timing

scholarly journals Inhibition of Cisplatin-Induced Lipid Catabolism and Weight Loss by Ghrelin in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (9) ◽  
pp. 3118-3129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M. Garcia ◽  
Thomas Scherer ◽  
Ji-an Chen ◽  
Bobby Guillory ◽  
Anriada Nassif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Lipid Catabolism ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Muscle Pair ◽  
Involuntary Weight Loss

Cachexia, defined as an involuntary weight loss ≥5%, is a serious and dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy that decreases survival in cancer patients. Alterations in lipid metabolism are thought to cause the lipodystrophy commonly associated with cachexia. Ghrelin has been proposed to ameliorate the alterations in lipid metabolism due to its orexigenic and anabolic properties. However, the mechanisms of action through which ghrelin could potentially ameliorate chemotherapy-associated cachexia have not been elucidated. The objectives of this study were to identify mechanisms by which the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin alters lipid metabolism and to establish the role of ghrelin in reversing cachexia. Cisplatin-induced weight and fat loss were prevented by ghrelin. Cisplatin increased markers of lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) and of β-oxidation in liver and WAT and suppressed lipogenesis in liver, WAT, and muscle. Ghrelin prevented the imbalance between lipolysis, β-oxidation, and lipogenesis in WAT and muscle. Pair-feeding experiments demonstrated that the effects of cisplatin and ghrelin on lipogenesis, but not on lipolysis and β-oxidation, were due to a reduction in food intake. Thus, ghrelin prevents cisplatin-induced weight and fat loss by restoring adipose tissue functionality. An increase in caloric intake further enhances the anabolic effects of ghrelin.

scholarly journals The Role of Salt in the Pathogenesis of Fructose-Induced Hypertension

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoocher Soleimani ◽  
Pooneh Alborzi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Western World ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
The 1960S

Metabolic syndrome, as manifested by visceral obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, is reaching epidemic proportions in the Western World, specifically the United States. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome directly correlates with an increase in the consumption of fructose, mainly in the form of high-fructose corn syrup. This inexpensive alternative to traditional sugar has been increasingly utilized by the food industry as a sweetener since the 1960s. While augmented caloric intake and sedentary lifestyles play important roles in the increasing prevalence of obesity, the pathogenesis of hypertension in metabolic syndrome remains controversial. One intriguing observation points to the role of salt in fructose-induced hypertension. Recent studies in rodents demonstrate that increased dietary fructose intake stimulates salt absorption in the small intestine and kidney tubules, resulting in a state of salt overload, thus setting in motion a cascade of events that will lead to hypertension. These studies point to a novel interaction between the fructose-absorbing transporter, Glut5, and the salt transporters, NHE3 and PAT1, in the intestine and kidney proximal tubule. This paper will focus on synergistic roles of fructose and salt in the pathogenesis of hypertension resulting from salt overload.

scholarly journals miR-21 blocks obesity in mice: a potential therapy for humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Lhamyani ◽  
Adriana-Mariel Gentile ◽  
Rosa M. Giráldez-Pérez ◽  
Mónica Feijóo-Cuaresma ◽  
Silvana Yanina Romero-Zerbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Obesity In Mice ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

AbstractmicroRNAs are promising drug targets in obesity and metabolic disorders. miR-21 expression is upregulated in obese white adipose tissue (WAT); however, its physiological role in WAT has not been fully explored. We aimed to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-21 in treating obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. We demonstrated, in human and mice, that elevated miR-21 expression is associated with metabolically healthy obesity. miR-21 mimic affected the expression of genes associated with adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, it blocked high fat diet-induced weight gain in obese mice, without modifying food intake or physical activity. This was associated with metabolic enhancements, WAT browning and thermogenic programming, and brown AT induction through VEGF-A, p53, and TGFβ1 signaling pathways. Our findings add a novel role of miR-21 in the regulation of obesity and a potential therapy for both obesity and T2D without altering caloric intake and physical activities.

scholarly journals The Role of Low-calorie Sweeteners in Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A Johnston ◽  
Brian Stevens ◽  
John P Foreyt ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Prevention ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Diabetes Research ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Health Goals

As the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes continue to rise, the identification of components that contribute to or are associated with this disease has become a priority. One of the main factors that has been linked to type 2 diabetes is excessive weight gain, and reduction in weight has been recommended for both diabetes prevention and management. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) provide an alternative to added sugars and may facilitate weight loss or maintenance by limiting caloric intake. Considerable attention has been given to the role of LCS and their relationship to type 2 diabetes. Research suggests that LCS can serve an important role in diabetes prevention and management. Substituting sugars with LCS provides patients with type 2 diabetes considerable flexibility in their health goals and personal dietary preferences.

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