How should functional relationships be evaluated using phylogenetic comparative methods? A case study using metabolic rate and body temperature

Evolution ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef C. Uyeda ◽  
Nicholas Bone ◽  
Sean McHugh ◽  
Jonathan Rolland ◽  
Matthew W. Pennell
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Functional Relationships

scholarly journals Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef C. Uyeda ◽  
Rosana Zenil-Ferguson ◽  
Matthew W. Pennell
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Comparative Biology ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAs a result of the process of descent with modification, closely related species tend to be similar to one another in a myriad different ways. In statistical terms, this means that traits measured on one species will not be independent of traits measured on others. Since their introduction in the 1980s, phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) have been framed as a solution to this problem. In this paper, we argue that this way of thinking about PCMs is deeply misleading. Not only has this sowed widespread confusion in the literature about what PCMs are doing but has led us to develop methods that are susceptible to the very thing we sought to build defenses against — unreplicated evolutionary events. Through three Case Studies, we demonstrate that the susceptibility to singular events is indeed a recurring problem in comparative biology that links several seemingly unrelated controversies. In each Case Study we propose a potential solution to the problem. While the details of our proposed solutions differ, they share a common theme: unifying hypothesis testing with data-driven approaches (which we term “phylogenetic natural history”) to disentangle the impact of singular evolutionary events from that of the factors we are investigating. More broadly, we argue that our field has, at times, been sloppy when weighing evidence in support of causal hypotheses. We suggest that one way to refine our inferences is to re-imagine phylogenies as probabilistic graphical models; adopting this way of thinking will help clarify precisely what we are testing and what evidence supports our claims.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: A User's Guide for Paleontologists

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. Soul ◽  
David F. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods

scholarly journals The decoupled nature of basal metabolic rate and body temperature in endotherm evolution

Nature ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 572 (7771) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Avaria-Llautureo ◽  
Cristián E. Hernández ◽  
Enrique Rodríguez-Serrano ◽  
Chris Venditti
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate

Relationship between metabolic rate and core body temperature during sleep in human

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. S186-S187 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Park ◽  
M. Kayaba ◽  
K. Iwayama ◽  
H. Ogata ◽  
Y. Sengoku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Core Body

On the Regulation of the Respiration in Reptiles

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
BODIL NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Temperature Interval ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Instantaneous Increase

1. In two species of Lacerta (L. viridis and L. sicula) the effects on respiration of body temperature (changes in metabolic rate) and of CO2 added to the inspired air were studied. 2. Pulmonary ventilation increases when body temperature increases. The increase is brought about by an increase in respiratory frequency. No relationship is found between respiratory depth and temperature. 3. The rise in ventilation is provoked by the needs of metabolism and is not established for temperature regulating purposes (in the temperature interval 10°-35°C). 4. The ventilation per litre O2 consumed has a high numerical value (about 75, compared to about 20 in man). It varies with the body temperature and demonstrates that the inspired air is better utilized at the higher temperatures. 5. Pulmonary ventilation increases with increasing CO2 percentages in the inspired air between o and 3%. At further increases in the CO2 percentage (3-13.5%) it decreases again. 6. At each CO2 percentage the pulmonary ventilation reaches a steady state after some time (10-60 min.) and is then unchanged over prolonged periods (1 hr.). 7. The respiratory frequency in the steady state decreases with increasing CO2 percentages. The respiratory depth in the steady state increases with increasing CO2 percentages. This effect of CO2 breathing is not influenced by a change in body temperature from 20° to 30°C. 8. Respiration is periodically inhibited by CO2 percentages above 4%. This inhibition, causing a Cheyne-Stokes-like respiration, ceases after a certain time, proportional to the CO2 percentage (1 hr. at 8-13% CO2), and respiration becomes regular (steady state). Shift to room air breathing causes an instantaneous increase in frequency to well above the normal value followed by a gradual decrease to normal values. 9. The nature of the CO2 effect on respiratory frequency and respiratory depth is discussed, considering both chemoreceptor and humoral mechanisms.

Effect of shodhana and shamana chikitsa in mandala kustha (psoriasis): A case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Bala Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Remarkable Improvement ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature ◽  
Old Men

Skin is the largest organ of the body both by surface area and weight. This covers the entire body. The thickness of skin varies considerably over all parts of the body and between young and old, men and women. It helps to regulate body temperature, stores water fat and permit sensation of touch. Psoriasis is a chronic dermatosis characterized by covered by silvery loose scales. Treatment available on contemporary system is not curative but suppressive only. The prevalence of psoriasis is 8%. Prevalence equal in males and females. A case of Mandala Kustha discussed here. Patient successfully treated with Shodhana (Virechana karma) & Shamana Chikitsa. After course of 2 months treatment provides significant relief in Sign and Symptoms. In our classics mentioned Shodhana Chikitsa for Kustha Roga. Considering the sign and symptoms of patient was treated with classical Virechana karma (therapeutic purgation) and Shamana Chikitsa according to line of treatment of Kustha (Psoriasis). Assessment was done on before treatment, after treatment and after follow up of 2 months; pictures were taken before treatment and after treatment. Remarkable improvement was noticed, induration and itching after Virechana treatment.

The liver proteome response to torpor in a basoendothermic mammal, Tenrec ecaudatus, provides insights into the evolution of homeothermy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane I Khudyakov ◽  
Michael D Treat ◽  
Mikayla C Shanafelt ◽  
Jared S Deyarmin ◽  
Benjamin A Neely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
High Body ◽  
Liver Proteome ◽  
The Common

Many mammals use adaptive heterothermy (e.g. torpor, hibernation) to reduce metabolic demands of maintaining high body temperature (Tb). Torpor is typically characterized by coordinated declines in Tb and metabolic rate (MR) followed by active rewarming. Most hibernators experience periods of euthermy between bouts of torpor during which homeostatic processes are restored. In contrast, the common tenrec, a basoendothermic Afrotherian mammal, hibernates without interbout arousals and displays extreme flexibility in Tb and MR. We investigated the molecular basis of this plasticity in tenrecs by profiling the liver proteome of animals that were active or torpid with high and more stable Tb (~32°C) or lower Tb (~14°C). We identified 768 tenrec liver proteins, of which 50.9% were differentially abundant between torpid and active animals. Protein abundance was significantly more variable in active cold and torpid compared to active warm animals, suggesting poor control of proteome abundance. Our data suggest that torpor in tenrecs may lead to mismatches in protein pools due to poor coordination of anabolic and catabolic processes. We propose that the evolution of endothermy leading to a more realized homeothermy of boreoeutherians likely led to greater coordination of homeostatic processes and reduced mismatches in thermal sensitivities of metabolic pathways.

scholarly journals Explaining large-scale patterns of vertebrate diversity

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 20150506 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Richness Patterns ◽  
Current Species

The major clades of vertebrates differ dramatically in their current species richness, from 2 to more than 32 000 species each, but the causes of this variation remain poorly understood. For example, a previous study noted that vertebrate clades differ in their diversification rates, but did not explain why they differ. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny and phylogenetic comparative methods, I show that most variation in diversification rates among 12 major vertebrate clades has a simple ecological explanation: predominantly terrestrial clades (i.e. birds, mammals, and lizards and snakes) have higher net diversification rates than predominantly aquatic clades (i.e. amphibians, crocodilians, turtles and all fish clades). These differences in diversification rates are then strongly related to patterns of species richness. Habitat may be more important than other potential explanations for richness patterns in vertebrates (such as climate and metabolic rates) and may also help explain patterns of species richness in many other groups of organisms.

Case Study: Differences in HumanPer2 Gene Expression, Body Temperature, Cortisol, and Melatonin Parameters in Remission and Hypersomnia in a Patient with Recurrent Hypersomnia

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akemi Tomoda ◽  
Takako Joudoi ◽  
Junko Kawatani ◽  
Takafumi Ohmura ◽  
Akinobu Hamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Temperature
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