When Is More Better?

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 234-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Hsee ◽  
Yuval Rottenstreich ◽  
Zhixing Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Relationship

We examine three determinants of the relationship between the magnitude of a stimulus and a person's subjective “value” of that stimulus: the process by which value is assessed (either by feeling or by calculation), the evaluability of the relevant magnitude variable (whether the desirability of a given level of that variable can be evaluated independently), and the mode of evaluation (whether stimuli are encountered and evaluated jointly or separately). Reliance on feeling, lack of evaluability, and separate evaluation lead to insensitivity to magnitude. An analysis invoking these factors provides a novel account for why people typically become less sensitive to changes in the magnitude of a stimulus as magnitude increases.

scholarly journals Subjective value and decision entropy are jointly encoded by aligned gradients across the human brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez ◽  
Olivia Guest ◽  
Bradley C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecent work has considered the relationship between value and confidence in both behavior and neural representation. Here we evaluated whether the brain organizes value and confidence signals in a systematic fashion that reflects the overall desirability of options. If so, regions that respond to either increases or decreases in both value and confidence should be widespread. We strongly confirmed these predictions through a model-based fMRI analysis of a mixed gambles task that assessed subjective value (SV) and inverse decision entropy (iDE), which is related to confidence. Purported value areas more strongly signalled iDE than SV, underscoring how intertwined value and confidence are. A gradient tied to the desirability of actions transitioned from positive SV and iDE in ventromedial prefrontal cortex to negative SV and iDE in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. This alignment of SV and iDE signals could support retrospective evaluation to guide learning and subsequent decisions.

scholarly journals Representation of value and meaning in the structure of vandalism: an empirical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Kirill V. Zlokazov
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Young People ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to predicting and preventing urban vandalism. In the article described current state of research on structure of vandalism – motives, attitudes, ideas. It is shown that the activity approach can serve as a theoretical basis for study of the internal plan of vandal actions. On its basis, a theoretical model is determined, including the motive of vandalism and the ideas that regulate its implementation. These are the subjective value of vandal action and value that subject attaches to vandal action. The organisation, procedure and results of empirical research are described. Using a sample of young people living in 106 Russian cities (n = 650 people), we study the relationship between subjective ideas about the ability to commit a vandal act, its motives, attributed value and meaning. The results show that there is a conjugate effect of these representations on subjective ability to behave like a vandal. Their interpretation shows the presence of opposite approaches to the assessment of vandalism – from rejection to acceptance.

scholarly journals Distinct striatal subregions and corticostriatal connectivity for effort, action and reward

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shosuke Suzuki ◽  
Victoria M. Lawlor ◽  
Jessica A. Cooper ◽  
Amanda R. Arulpragasam ◽  
Michael T. Treadway
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Effort Discounting ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe ventral striatum is believed to encode the subjective value of cost/benefit options; however, this effect has strikingly been absent during choices that involve physical effort. Prior work in freely-moving animals has revealed opposing striatal signals, with greater response to increasing effort demands and reduced responses to rewards requiring effort. Yet, the relationship between these conflicting signals remains unknown. Using fMRI with a naturalistic, effort-based navigation paradigm, we identified functionally-segregated regions within ventral striatum that separately encoded action, effort, and discounting of rewards by effort. Strikingly, these sub-regions mirrored results from a large-sample connectivity-based parcellation of the striatum. Moreover, individual differences in striatal effort activation and effort discounting signals predicted striatal responses to effort-related choices during an independent fMRI task. Taken together, our results suggest that a dorsomedial region primarily associated with action may instead represent the effort cost of actions, and raises fundamental questions regarding the interpretation of striatal “reward” signals in the context of effort demands.

Value Is in the Eye of the Owner

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Markus Zellweger ◽  
Tobias Dehlen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Socioemotional Wealth ◽  
Value Perceptions ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Valuation Process ◽  
Affect Infusion Model ◽  
Firm Owners ◽  
The Relationship

Drawing on the affect infusion model from cognitive psychology, the authors develop a conceptual framework that explains how affect related to corporate ownership influences the formation of socioemotional wealth perceptions among family firm owners, reflected in altered subjective value perceptions for the ownership stake. The authors explore target, personal, and situational features in the subjective valuation process for the ownership stake and explain how these factors mediate the relationship between affect and socioemotional wealth perceptions. They further the understanding about the level of bias in family owners’ subjective firm value assessments and offer new approaches for socioemotional wealth research.

Employees’ Attitudes Toward Equity-Based Compensation

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 246-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menachem (Meni) Abudy ◽  
Efrat Shust
Keyword(s):  
Stock Options ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
The Past ◽  
Black Scholes Model ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Objective Value ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents a field study that examines the subjective value of equity-based compensation and investigates the relationship between attitude toward risk and compensation preferences. The participants in the field survey received equity-based compensation in the past but lack financial education background. We find that the respondents exhibit difficulty in estimating the value of employee stock options, which usually results in a subjective value that is lower than the objective value (calculated using the Black–Scholes model). Additional findings demonstrate the presence of behavioral biases such as priming and mental anchoring. Finally, we document an absence of transitivity in the preferences of 10% of the respondents.

scholarly journals Motor Cortex Excitability Reflects the Subjective Value of Reward and Mediates its Effects on Incentive Motivated Performance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Galaro ◽  
Pablo Celink ◽  
Vikram S. Chib
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Motor Cortical Excitability ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Behavioral Sensitivity ◽  
Motor Cortical ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTPerformance-based incentives tend to increase an individual’s motivation, resulting in enhancements in behavioral output. While much work has focused on understanding how the brain’s reward circuitry influences incentive motivated performance, fewer studies have investigated how such reward representations act on the motor system. Here we measured motor cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while female and male human participants performed a motoric incentive motivation task for prospective monetary gains and losses. We found that individuals’ performance increased for increasing prospective gains and losses. While motor cortical excitability appeared insensitive to prospective loss, temporal features of motor cortical excitability for prospective gains were modulated by an independent measure of an individual’s subjective preferences for incentive (i.e., loss aversion). Those individuals that were more loss averse had a greater motor cortical sensitivity to prospective gain, closer to movement onset. Critically, behavioral sensitivity to incentive and motor cortical sensitivity to prospective gains were both predicted by loss aversion. Furthermore, causal modeling indicated that motor cortical sensitivity to incentive mediated the relationship between subjective preferences for incentive and behavioral sensitivity to incentive. Together our findings suggest that motor cortical activity integrates information about the subjective value of reward to invigorate incentive motivated performance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIncreasing incentives tend to increase motivation and effort. Using a motoric incentive motivation task and transcranial magnetic stimulation, we studied the motor cortical mechanisms responsible for incentive motivated motor performance. We provide experimental evidence that motor cortical sensitivity to incentive mediates the relationship between subjective preferences for incentive and incentive motivated performance. These results indicate that, rather than simply being a reflection of motor output, motor cortical physiology integrates information about reward value to motivate performance.

scholarly journals Subjective value and decision entropy are jointly encoded by aligned gradients across the human brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez ◽  
Olivia Guest ◽  
Bradley C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Recent work has considered the relationship between value and confidence in both behavioural and neural representation. Here we evaluated whether the brain organises value and confidence signals in a systematic fashion that reflects the overall desirability of options. If so, regions that respond to either increases or decreases in both value and confidence should be widespread. We strongly confirmed these predictions through a model-based fMRI analysis of a mixed gambles task that assessed subjective value (SV) and inverse decision entropy (iDE), which is related to confidence. Purported value areas more strongly signalled iDE than SV, underscoring how intertwined value and confidence are. A gradient tied to the desirability of actions transitioned from positive SV and iDE in ventromedial prefrontal cortex to negative SV and iDE in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. This alignment of SV and iDE signals could support retrospective evaluation to guide learning and subsequent decisions.

scholarly journals Justice and foresight: The effect of belief in a just world and sense of control on delay discounting

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxi Peng ◽  
Jiaxi Zhang ◽  
Jing Liao ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Xia Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Just World ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Monetary Choice Questionnaire ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractDiscounting rate refers to people’s tendency to reduce the rate of subjective value from delayed benefit over time. The current study investigates the relationship among belief in a just world (BJW), sense of control, and discounting rate, especially the mediating effect of sense of control between BJW and discounting rate. The study recruited 412 undergraduates to complete a BJW scale, Sense of Control scale, and the Monetary Choice Questionnaire. The results show that (1) BJW positively predicted sense of control, (2) BJW and sense of control were negatively correlated with discounting rate, and (3) sense of control completely mediated the associations between BJW and discounting rate. These findings extend those of prior studies and indicate that a sense of control underlies the association between BJW and discounting rate.

Relations between Cloninger's Dimensions of Temperament and Steepness of Delay and Effort Discounting of Monetary Rewards

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Malesza ◽  
Paweł Ostaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Effort Discounting ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions of temperament (Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and the steepness of delay and effort discounting, which refers to a decrease in the subjective value of a reward as its delay, or effort required to obtain the reward, increases. Participants ( N = 112; ages 19 to 29 years, M = 21.80, SD = 1.35) filled out two inventories: the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Discounting Questionnaire. The study revealed that the higher the Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependency, the steeper the effort discounting. On the other hand, the higher one's Persistence, the shallower one's effort discounting. Finally, a positive correlation was observed between delay and effort discounting. The results indicated that effort discounting was related to, but not equivalent to, delay discounting.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

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