The Role of Polyphenol Oxidase and Peroxidase in Potato Tuber Resistance to Soft Rot Caused by Erwinia carotovora

ABSTRACTThe abilities of endophytic bacteria from potato roots and tubers to suppress soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora) in potato tuberSoft rot disease caused by Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora is one of limiting factors in cultivation and post harvest of potato. The eco-friendly control measure that can be developed for controlling the diseases is biological control. Microbes that are potential as biological control agents include endophytic bacteria. This paper discussed the results of study examining the potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from roots and tubers of potato to inhibit the growth of E. carotovora pv. carotovora in vitro and suppress soft rot disease in potato tuber. The results showed that among 24 isolates examined, four isolates of endophytic bacteria (one isolate from potato tuber and three isolates from potato roots) inhibited the growth of E. carotovora pv. carotovora in vitro with inhibition zone 3.5-6.8 mm. In the in vivo test, the isolates inhibited the soft rot disease in potato tuber by 71.5-86.4%. The isolate that tended to show relatively better inhibition in vitro and in vivo was isolate from potato tuber which is CK U3 (Lysinibacillus sp.)Keywords: Biological control, Endophytic bacteria, Post-harvest, Potato, Soft rot diseaseABSTRAKPenyakit busuk lunak yang disebabkan bakteri Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora, merupakan salah satu kendala dalam budidaya dan pascapanen kentang. Cara pengendalian ramah lingkungan yang dapat dikembangkan untuk menekan penyakit tersebut adalah pengendalian biologi. Kelompok mikroba yang berpotensi sebagi agens pengendali biologi adalah bakteri endofit. Artikel ini mendiskusikan potensi isolat bakteri endofit yang berasal dari ubi dan akar kentang untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. carotovora pv. carotovora secara in vitro dan menekan perkembangan penyakit busuk lunak pada ubi kentang. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa diantara 24 isolat bakteri yang diuji, terdapat empat isolat bakteri endofit (satu isolat dari ubi kentang dan tiga isolat dari akar kentang) yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. carotovora pv. carotovora secara in vitro dengan zona penghambatan sebesar 3,5-6,8 mm. Pada pengujian secara in vivo, isolat-isolat tersebut dapat menekan perkembangan penyakit busuk lunak pada ubi kentang sebesar 71,5-86,4%. Isolat yang cenderung menunjukkan penghambatan relatif lebih baik secara in vitro dan in vivo adalah isolat bakteri endofit asal ubi kentang yaitu isolat CK U3 (Lysinibacillus sp.).Kata Kunci: Pengendalian biologi, Bakteri endofit, Pascapanen, Kentang, Penyakit busuk basah

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QTLs for potato tuber resistance toDickeya solaniare located on chromosomes II and IV

10.1101/2021.02.19.432067 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Renata Lebecka ◽

Jadwiga Śliwka ◽

Anna Grupa-Urbańska ◽

Katarzyna Szajko ◽

Waldemar Marczewski

Keyword(s):

Potato Tuber ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Starch Content ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Tuber Resistance ◽

Dickeya Solani ◽

The Relationship

AbstractSoft rot is a bacterial disease that causes heavy losses in potato production worldwide. The goal of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for potato tuber resistance to bacteriumDickeya solaniand for tuber starch content to study the relationship between these traits. A highly resistant diploid hybrid of potato was crossed with a susceptible hybrid to generate the F1 mapping population. Tubers that were wound-inoculated with bacteria were evaluated for disease severity expressed as the mean weight of rotted tubers, and disease incidence measured as the proportion of rotten tubers. Diversity array technology (DArTseq™) was used for genetic map construction and QTLs analysis. The most prominent QTLs for disease severity and incidence were identified in overlapping regions on potato chromosome IV and explained 22.4% and 22.9% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The second QTL for disease severity was mapped to chromosome II and explained 16.5% of the variance. QTLs for starch content were detected on chromosomes III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XI, and XII in regions different than the QTLs for soft rot resistance. Two strong and reproducible QTLs for resistance toDickeya solanion potato chromosomes IV and II might be useful for further study of candidate genes and marker development in potato breeding programs. The relationship between tuber resistance to bacteria and the starch content in potato tubers was not confirmed by QTL mapping, which makes the selection of genotypes highly resistant to soft rot with a desirable starch content feasible.

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Efficacy of Mahogany Bark Aqueous Extracts and Exposure to Solar Heat for Treatment of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Caused by Erwinia Carotovora Ssp. Carotovora

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-010-0066-5 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 393-397

Author(s):

Bulus Bdliya ◽

Peter Abraham

Keyword(s):

Potato Tuber ◽

Plant Extract ◽

Erwinia Carotovora ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Solar Heat ◽

Severity Of The Disease ◽

Tuber Treatment

Efficacy of Mahogany Bark Aqueous Extracts and Exposure to Solar Heat for Treatment of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Caused byErwinia CarotovoraSsp.CarotovoraThe efficacy of combining tuber treatment with mahogany bark aqueous extracts and exposure to solar heat for the control of potato tuber soft rot was investigated. Artificially inoculated potato tubers were treated with mahogany bark aqueous extracts and exposed to solar heat for zero, one, two and three hours. The results showed that tuber treatment with the plant extract followed by exposure to solar heat significantly reduced the incidence and severity of tuber soft rot compared to the control group. However, the highest reduction in the incidence and severity of the disease was recorded on tubers treated with the plant extract and incubated immediately after treatment (no exposure to solar heat). This suggests that the plant extract is more effective at lower than higher temperatures. Potato tuber losses due to soft rot could therefore be managed by tuber treatment with mahogany bark extract and no exposure to solar heat.

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Influence of Soft Rot Bacteria on Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on Potato Tuber Slices†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-62.4.343 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 343-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

CHING-HSING LIAO ◽

GERALD M. SAPERS

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Potato Tuber ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris ◽

Culture Media ◽

Erwinia Carotovora ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Representative Species ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Inhibition Zones ◽

Tuber Extract

Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on potato tuber slices and its interaction with four representative species of soft rot bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. viridiflava, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and Xanthomonas campestris) were investigated. When potato tuber slices were inoculated with one of two L. monocytogenes strains (Scott A and ATCC 15313), an increase in numbers of 3 to 4 logs per gram of tissue was observed with samples that were stored at 20°C for 6 days. However, an increase of about 2 logs was observed with samples that were stored at 8°C for 12 days. When potato slices were simultaneously inoculated with L. monocytogenes and one of the four soft rot bacteria, the growth of L. monocytogenes was inhibited in the presence of P. fluorescens or P. viridiflava but was not significantly affected in the presence of E. carotovora or X. campestris. The antagonism of the two pseudomonads to L. monocytogenes was also observed in potato tuber extract and in culture media. Formation of inhibition zones was observed only in iron-deficient media but not in the medium supplemented with FeCl3. In addition, production of fluorescent siderophore (pyoverdin) by these two pseudomonads was demonstrated. L. monocytogenes was unable to colonize macerated plant tissue induced by soft-rotting bacteria 2 days before inoculation of the pathogen. These results indicate that growth of L. monocytogenes on potato tuber slices is differentially affected by soft rot bacteria and that antagonism of fluorescent pseudomonads to L. monocytogenes is possibly caused by the production of iron-chelating siderophore by these pseudomonads.

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Role of Polyphenol Oxidase, Peroxidase, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, Chlorogenic Acid, and Total Soluble Phenols in Resistance of Potatoes to Soft Rot

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-11-0149 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 186-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Elizabeth Ngadze ◽

David Icishahayo ◽

Teresa A. Coutinho ◽

Jacquie E. van der Waals

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Polyphenol Oxidase ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Bacterial Invasion ◽

Pal Activity ◽

Soluble Phenols

Pectobacterium atrosepticum, P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis, and Dickeya spp. cause soft rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum) worldwide. Plants respond to bacterial invasion by activating defense responses associated with accumulation of several enzymes and inhibitors, which prevent pathogen infection. This study focused on the role of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chlorogenic acid, and total soluble phenols in imparting resistance to soft rot pathogens. Seven and 11 varieties grown by farmers in South Africa and Zimbabwe, respectively, were used in the study. The results showed significantly higher (P < 0.001) enzyme activity of PPO and PAL as well as higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid and total soluble phenols in Vanderplank, Pentland Dell, M69/11, Romano, M59/20, and MondialZw. PAL activity increased significantly with time in all varieties, and the highest activity was recorded 8 h after cutting. The resistance of the varieties was correlated with high PPO and PAL enzyme activity as well as increased concentrations of chlorogenic acid and total soluble phenols. PPO, POD, and PAL activities increased significantly in wounded and inoculated tubers. These findings show that PAL, PPO, POD, chlorogenic acid, and total soluble phenols play a role in imparting resistance to potato soft rot infection.

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Involvement of N-acylhomoserine Lactones Throughout Plant Infection by Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Pectobacterium atrosepticum)

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.11.1269 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 1269-1278 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Bruno Smadja ◽

Xavier Latour ◽

Denis Faure ◽

Sylvie Chevalier ◽

Yves Dessaux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Type Strain ◽

Erwinia Carotovora ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Type I ◽

Blackleg Disease ◽

Second Stage ◽

Plant Infection ◽

Two Phases ◽

Tissue Maceration

Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica is responsible for potato blackleg disease in the field and tuber soft rot during crop storage. The process leading to the disease occurs in two phases: a primary invasion step followed by a maceration step. Bacteria-to-bacteria communication is associated with a quorum-sensing (QS) process based on the production of N-acylhomoserine lactones (HSL). The role of HSL throughout plant infection was analyzed. To this purpose, HSL produced by a specific E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica wild-type strain, which was particularly virulent on potato, were identified. A derivative of this strain that expressed an HSL lactonase gene and produced low amounts of HSL was generated. The comparison of these strains allowed the evaluation of the role of HSL and QS in disease establishment and development. Bacterial growth and motility; activity of proteins secreted by type I, II, and III systems; and hypersensitive and maceration reactions were evaluated. Results indicated that HSL production and QS regulate only those traits involved in the second stage of the host plant infection (i.e., tissue maceration) and hypersensitive response in nonhost tobacco plants. Therefore, the use of QS quenching strategies for biological control in E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica cannot prevent initial infection and multiplication of this pathogen.

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Role of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora Sprayed on Leaves of Chinese Cabbage as a Source of Inoculum for Soft Rot.

Japanese Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.3186/jjphytopath.64.546 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 546-551

Author(s):

S.M. Khorshed ALAM ◽

Jiro TOGASHI ◽

Tsuneo NAMAI ◽

Koushi UEDA

Keyword(s):

Chinese Cabbage ◽

Erwinia Carotovora ◽

Soft Rot

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Pectobacterium brasiliense 1692 Chemotactic Responses and the Role of Methyl-Accepting Chemotactic Proteins in Ecological Fitness

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.650894 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Collins Kipngetich Tanui ◽

Divine Yutefar Shyntum ◽

Precious K. Sedibane ◽

Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo ◽

Lucy N. Moleleki

Keyword(s):

Potato Tuber ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Soft Rot ◽

The Other ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Ecological Fitness ◽

Swimming Motility ◽

Tuber Infection ◽

Mutant Strains

To adapt to changing environmental niches, bacteria require taxis, a movement toward or away from a stimulus (ligand). Chemotaxis has been studied in some members of the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP), particularly members of the genus Dickeya. On the contrary, there are fewer studies on this topic for the other genus in the SRP group, namely Pectobacterium. This study evaluated chemotactic responses in Pectobacterium brasiliense (Pb 1692) to various ligands. A total of 34 methyl-accepting chemotactic proteins (MCPs) were identified in the Pb 1692 genome and the domain architectures of these MCPs were determined. Four Pb 1692 MCPs previously shown to be differentially expressed during potato tuber infection were selected for further functional characterization. Toward this end, Pb 1692 mutant strains each lacking either AED-0001492, AED-0003671, AED-0000304, or AED-0000744 were generated. Two of these mutants (AED-0001492 and AED-0003671), were attenuated in their ability to grow and respond to citrate and are thus referred to as MCPcit2 and MCPcit1, respectively, while the other two, AED-0000304 (MCPxyl) and AED-0000744 (MCPasp), were affected in their ability to respond to xylose and aspartate, respectively. Trans-complementation of the mutant strains restored swimming motility in the presence of respective ligands. The four MCP mutants were not affected in virulence but were significantly attenuated in their ability to attach to potato leaves suggesting that ecological fitness is an important contribution of these MCPs toward Pb 1692 biology.

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Screening of Antagonistic Bacterium to Control Konjac Soft Rot

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4427 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 4427-4430

Author(s):

Guo Hua Chen

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Strain ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Erwinia Carotovora ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Field Trials ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Plate Method ◽

Antagonistic Bacterium

Konjac soft rot is a bottleneck limiting konjac yield caused by bacterial strain of Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora. In order to control konjac soft rot, soil samples were collected, and each sample was spread on surface of a plate seeded with E. carotovora var. carotovora in advance. Strains expressing antagonistic activities were selected and then isolated with streak plate method. One bacterial strain (named Z10) was obtained from soil by this method. In field trials, strain Z10 still showed antagonistic effect against the bacterial pathogen.

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