Physical fitness in rural children compared with urban children in Turkey

Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental factors on physical fitness of rural and urban children.Methods:To reveal the differences between physical fitness of children living in urban and rural districts of the Turkish Cypriot population, 3939 nine- to eleven-year-old male primary school children from 90 schools of North Cyprus were tested. Testing procedures were similar to the Eurofit tests.Results:The results showed that body mass index and skinfold thicknesses were higher in the urban children (P < .05). Differences in cardiopulmonary and motor fitness were also found between groups. In addition, flexibility and muscle endurance were significantly higher in the rural children.Conclusion:The significantly lower flexibility, muscle endurance, and strength of urban children might indicate a lower habitual physical activity level.

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Study on Physical Fitness of Rural children in Gifu Prefecture : III. Nutritional Intake of Far-Rural Children

Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) ◽

10.5432/jjpehss.kj00003395824 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 118-125

Author(s):

M. Fujimoto ◽

Y. Watanabe ◽

Y. Tamura

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Nutritional Intake ◽

Rural Children ◽

Gifu Prefecture

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Association of maternal ethnicity and urbanicity on severe pediatric disease: a nationwide cohort study

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-019-1885-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ya-Ting Chang ◽

Huei-Shyong Wang ◽

Jia-Rou Liu ◽

Chi-Nan Tseng ◽

I-Jun Chou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Kawasaki Disease ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Urban Children ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Rural Children ◽

Research Database ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Healthy Migrant Effect

Abstract Background A healthy migrant effect on birth outcomes has been reported, however, whether this protective effect persists throughout childhood is unknown. The effect of urbanicity on child health among an immigrant population is unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rate and cumulative incidence of severe diseases among urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, urban children of foreign-born mothers, and rural children of foreign-born mothers. Methods A nationwide cohort study was conducted for children born in Taiwan during 2004–2011 and follow-up till age 4 to 11 years old by linkage the Taiwan Birth Registry 2004–2011, Taiwan Death Registry 2004–2015, and National Health Insurance Research Database 2004–2015. Cox proportional hazards model (multivariable) was used to examine differences among the four study groups. Results There were 682,982 urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, 662,818 rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, 61,570 urban children of foreign-born mothers, 87,473 rural children of foreign-born mothers. Children of foreign-born mothers had a lower incidence of vasculitis, mainly Kawasaki disease. The incidences of congenital disorders did not differ between children of foreign-born mothers and children of Taiwan-born mothers. The incidence of psychotic disorders was higher in urban children. However, children in rural areas had a higher incidence of major trauma/burn and a higher mortality rate. Conclusions A healthy migrant effect was only seen for Kawasaki disease. The mental health of urban children born to immigrant mothers warrants concern.

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Urban children healthier than rural children in developing world

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.39311.585938.db ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 335 (7616) ◽

pp. 367.3-367

Author(s):

Roger Dobson

Keyword(s):

Developing World ◽

Urban Children ◽

Rural Children

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The phenomenon of zinc deficiency among children in China aged 3–5 years old

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120001627 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Ye Bi ◽

Zhenyu Yang ◽

Xuehong Pang ◽

Yifan Duan ◽

Jianqiang Lai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Zinc Deficiency ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Zinc Level ◽

Urban Children ◽

Rural Children ◽

Country Level ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Control Samples

AbstractIntroductionzinc is an essential micro-nutrient for growth and proper immune function. Yet there are limited data available on the prevalence of zinc deficiency among children aged 3–5 at the country level. This information will enable health planners to determine the need for zinc intervention activities and to stimulate further research into these areas.materials and methodsThe data on children aged 3–5 were extracted from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. By multi-stage stratified cluster randomly sampling method, 30 children aged 3–5 years old were selected from each region for this study from 55 counties in China to analyze serum zinc. Finally, 1472 children aged 3–5 years were included in the study. The concentration of serum zinc was determined by high resolution inductively coupled plasm mass spectrometry. High and low level quality control samples were used, measured value was (1.63 ± 0.04)mg/l and (2.80 ± 0.06)mg/l, respectively. CV of quality control samples were 1.69%~2.45%. The zinc deficiency was defined as serum zinc level < 70μg/dl with the standard of WHO.Resultsserum zinc means of children aged 3–5 years was (95.3 ± 18.2)μg/dl and 3.9% children with zinc deficiency. serum zinc means level in urban children was (98.9 ± 17.6)μg/dl, and (91.6 ± 18.2)μg/dl in rural area. we showed that the serum zinc deficiency rate was higher in rural children (5.5%) than urban children (2.4%), and there were significant differences between these two areas. serum zinc means level in boys aged 3–5 years was (95.3 ± 18.7)μg/dl, and (95.3 ± 17.8)μg/dl in girls aged 3–5 years old. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 1.5%, 6.6% and 1.8% in 3~,4~,5~ years old urban boys, respectively; 6.8%, 7.7% and 4.0% in rural boys, respectively. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 2.3%, 0.8% and 1.7% in 3~,4~,5~ years old urban girls, respectively; 4.1%, 7.0% and 4.0% in rural girls, respectively. And there were differences between urban and rural areas in girls of 4~.5 years.DiscussionThe zinc level of children aged 3–5 years in China has been improved compared with ten years ago, but the zinc deficiency of rural children is still lower than that of urban children, especially those aged 4 to 5 years in rural areas, so we should pay more attention to this group.

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Prevalence and risk factors of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes among Chinese children and adolescents: a national observational study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518002040 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (7) ◽

pp. 813-819 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zhenghe Wang ◽

Zhiyong Zou ◽

Haijun Wang ◽

Jin Jing ◽

Jiayou Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Impaired Fasting Glucose ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Urban Children ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Rural Children ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Fried Foods ◽

Chinese Children And Adolescents

AbstractThe prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has reportedly increased significantly among Chinese children and adolescents. We aimed to examine the prevalence of IFG and DM, the disparities in sex and region and related risk factors among Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 16 434 Chinese children aged 6–17 years were selected from a national cross-sectional survey, and fasting glucose was measured for all participants. Overall, mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration was (4·64 (sd 0·51)) mmol/l, and the prevalence of DM and IFG was 0·10 and 1·89 %, respectively. Compared with girls, boys had higher FPG concentration (4·69 v. 4·58 mmol/l, r 0·107, P<0·001) and IFG prevalence (2·67 v. 1·07 %, rφ 0·059, P<0·001). Compared with rural children and adolescents, urban children and adolescent had higher FPG concentration (4·65 v. 4·62 mmol/l, r 0·029, P<0·001) and DM prevalence (0·15 v. 0·05 %, rφ 0·016, P<0·01). In addition, self-reported fried foods intake and overweight/obesity were positively associated with IFG, and the proportion of consuming fried foods more than or equal to once per week and overweight/obesity prevalence in boys and urban children and adolescents were significantly higher than girls and rural children and adolescents, respectively (P<0·05). Although the prevalence of IFG and DM was relatively low in Chinese children and adolescents, sex and region disparities were observed, which may be associated with differences in overweight/obesity prevalence and dietary factors.

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Assessment of risk factors associated with vitamin D status among children of an urban and a rural areas of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v46i2.49024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 134-141

Author(s):

Anamika Saha ◽

Md Salim Shakur ◽

Runa Laila ◽

Salomee Shakur ◽

Md Sohel Shomik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Urban Children ◽

Outpatient Department ◽

P Value ◽

Rural Children ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Factors Associated

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiency in children worldwide, even in Bangladesh. However, to date, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children of different region of Bangladesh is less reported. Objective: This study was conducted to assess vitamin D status of urban and rural Bangladeshi children including the risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency are also evaluated. Methods: A multi-centre (urban and rural based), cross sectional study was done from July 2016 to June 2017, using serum 25(OH) vitamin D3 as a marker of nutritional vitamin D status. Urban and rural children were taken from Paediatric Outpatient Department, United Hospital Limited. Dhaka and Medical Outpatient Department, Upazila Health Complex, Ghatail, Tangail respectively. Children of 1-10 years age attending OPD with mild undernutrition (<–1 SD z score) and/or clinical features suggestive of vitamin D deficiency were included in the study. Results: A total 150 children were studied with 102 (68.0%) urban and 48 (32.0%) rural children. Hypovitaminosis D (25-OHD <30ng/ml) was found in 75.0% of children. Hypovitaminosis D was found significantly more in urban children (81.0%) compared to rural (62.0%) children (OR=0.382, 95% CI: 0.177-0.822, p value <0.05). Inadequate exposure to sunlight was significantly associated with hypovitaminosis D compared to adequate sun exposure and it was about 2.5 times higher (OR=2.475, 95% CI: 1.139-5.380, p value <0.05). No significant associations of vitamin D deficiency were detected with skin color of children, covering clothes of mother, exclusive breast feeding, limb pain and anthropometric status. Children of higher educated mother (above Secondary School Certificate) (OR=0.412, 95% CI: 0.189-0.900) were more associated with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent among Bangladeshi children, urban children being more vulnerable to VDD. Adoption of a screening programme for children of all age group and implementation of preventive strategies for VDD through public health policies are strongly recommended. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2020; 46(2): 134-141

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The Nutritional and Micronutrient Status of Urban Schoolchildren with Moderate Anemia is Better than in a Rural Area in Kenya

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010207 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 207 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Esther Charlotte Evang ◽

Tsige-Yohannes Habte ◽

Willis Omondi Owino ◽

Michael Bernhardt Krawinkel

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urban Children ◽

Rural Children ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iron And Zinc ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Low diet quality is a driver of general and micronutrient malnutrition in urban and rural areas. The objective was to compare malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies linked to dietary intake among urban and rural schoolchildren from food insecure settings in Kenya. The cross-sectional study was conducted among urban and rural schoolchildren aged 7–9 years. Height and weight were measured, venous blood samples were assessed and data on dietary intake was collected. After screening out children with hemoglobin >12.2 g/dL and moderate or severe undernutrition, a total of 36 urban and 35 rural children participated. The prevalence of moderate underweight, wasting, and stunting were lower in urban than in rural children, with significant differences in median z-scores for underweight (p < 0.001) and wasting (p < 0.001). Significantly higher values for serum ferritin (p = 0.012) and zinc (p < 0.001) were found in urban children. Yet, the median adequacy ratios were higher for vitamin C (p = 0.045), iron (p = 0.003), and zinc (p = 0.003) in rural than in urban children. General nutritional, iron, and zinc status were significantly better in slightly anemic urban children than in rural ones. Improving the nutrition of schoolchildren in urban and rural settings requires different dietary approaches.

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