Politics and Gender: The Need for Electoral Reform

Politics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Barkman
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Politics And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Industrialised Countries

Using data from twenty industrialised countries, this paper presents a model attempting to explain the proportion of female representation in national legislatures. The results show the type of electoral system to be an important factor which can help or hinder an increase in women's political representation. While proportional representation systems facilitate the election of women, single constituency systems (such as Britain's ‘First Past The Post System’) constitute a major obstacle. The paper therefore argues that electoral reform in Britain is necessary if female representation in Parliament is to increase from the current 9% to parity within a reasonable time period.

Wahlsystemreform in Deutschland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Matauschek
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Parallel Systems ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
District Magnitude ◽  
Alternative Vote

Is plurality or majority electoral reform a sensible option in Germany’s muddled electoral system debate? Yes, it is. Since Germany’s mixed-member proportional system fails to concentrate the party system in a sufficient way, Peggy Matauschek searches for a suitable alternative to the principle of proportional representation. She discusses the following options according to their contextual conditions: single-member plurality and majority electoral systems—like the alternative vote system—, parallel systems, proportional representation systems with a low district magnitude and majority bonus systems. In light of its balanced performance, the study advocates the introduction of a system with a majority bonus for a coalition.

scholarly journals The Consequences of Quotas: Assessing the Effect of Varied Gender Quotas on Legislator Experience in the European Parliament

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Aldrich ◽  
William T. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This article explores the consequences of quotas on the level of diversity observed in legislators’ professional and political experience. We examine how party system and electoral system features that are meant to favor female representation, such as gender quotas for candidate selection or placement mandates on electoral lists, affect the composition of legislatures by altering the mix of professional and political qualifications held by its members. Using data collected for all legislators initially seated to the current session of the European Parliament, one of the largest and most diverse democratically elected legislatures in the world, we find that quotas eliminate gendered differences in experience within the institution, particularly when used in conjunction with placement mandates that ensure female candidates are featured on electoral lists in viable positions. Electoral institutions can generally help to “level the playing field” between the backgrounds of men and women in elected office while increasing the presence of desirable qualities among European Parliament representatives of both genders.

scholarly journals Measuring Gender Role Attitudes in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110577
Author(s):  
Charles Crabtree ◽  
Kiho Muroga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Politics And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cross National

What explains gender discrimination in Japan? While Japan ranks near the worst among advanced democracies in nearly all cross-national gender equality rankings, we know little about the attitudes that drive disparate outcomes between men and women. To address this need, the authors develop, introduce, and validate the first measure of gender role attitudes in Japan, the Gender Role Scale. Using data from a large, national, quota-based sample of 2,389 Japanese conducted in March 2020, the authors visualize the subcomponents of Gender Role Scale, showing cross-gender differences in attitudes. The findings extend the large literature on politics and gender and provide a measure for reuse in Japan and for extension to other countries that lag behind in women’s empowerment.

Environmental Enforcement: An Exploration of Latino Political Representation

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-324
Author(s):  
Francesca Spina ◽  
Philip D. McCormack ◽  
Kaitlyn Clarke ◽  
Scott Walfield
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Environmental Enforcement ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Hispanic Populations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Appointed Officials ◽  
Minimal Evidence ◽  
Binomial Models

This paper examines whether there are disparities in environmental enforcement. It contributes to the extant literature by examining if the political representation of Latinos influences levels of inspections for Hispanic populations. Using data from the Integrated Database for Enforcement Analysis (IDEA), the U.S. Census Bureau, and the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO), this paper examines patterns of state enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) nationwide from 2005 to 2011 to determine if there are disparities in levels of inspections. Using zero-inflated negative binomial models, results indicate minimal evidence of ethnic or class-based disparities in enforcement of the RCRA during this time period. However, there is evidence indicating weaker enforcement efforts in African American counties.

Gender Ideology and Fertility: Evidence for a Curvilinear Hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Stefani ◽  
Gabriele Prati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Research on the relationship between fertility and gender ideology revealed inconsistent results. In the present study, we argue that inconsistencies may be due to the fact that such relationship may be nonlinear. We hypothesize a U- shaped relationship between two dimensions of gender ideology (i.e. primacy of breadwinner role and acceptance of male privilege) and fertility rates. We conducted a cross-national analysis of 60 countries using data from the World Values Survey as well as the World Population Prospects 2019. Controlling for gross domestic product, we found support for a U-shaped relationship between gender ideology and fertility. Higher levels of fertility rates were found at lower and especially higher levels of traditional gender ideology, while a medium level of gender ideology was associated with the lowest fertility rate. This curvilinear relationship is in agreement with the phase of the gender revolution in which the country is located. Traditional beliefs are linked to a complementary division of private versus public sphere between sexes, while egalitarian attitudes are associated with a more equitable division. Both conditions strengthen fertility. Instead, as in the transition phase, intermediate levels of gender ideology’s support are associated with an overload and a difficult reconciliation of the roles that women have to embody (i.e. working and nurturing) so reducing fertility. The present study has contributed to the literature by addressing the inconsistencies of prior research by demonstrating that the relationship between gender ideology and fertility rates is curvilinear rather than linear.

An Introduction to Gender and Representation in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Latin American Politics ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
And Gender

In this introductory chapter of Gender and Representation in Latin America, Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer argues that gender inequality in political representation in Latin America is rooted in institutions and the democratic challenges and political crises facing Latin American countries. She situates the book in two important literatures—one on Latin American politics and democratic institutions, the other on gender and politics—and then explains how the book will explore the ways that institutions and democratic challenges and political crises moderate women’s representation and gender inequality. She introduces the book’s framework of analyzing the causes and consequences of women’s representation, overviews the organization of the volume, and summarizes the main arguments of the chapters.

scholarly journals Technical efficiency among agricultural households and determinants of food security in East Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachman Hakim ◽  
Tri Haryanto ◽  
Dyah Wulan Sari
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Agricultural Households ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Land Size ◽  
Average Consumption

AbstractRice is a staple food in East Java, and the average consumption is 100 kg/capita/year. However, rice productivity has declined dramatically in recent years. Food security can be reached by improving the technical efficiency of rice farming, especially in rice farming centers such as East Java Province. This study aims to measure technical efficiency and its determinants using two limit tobit. And it also aims to examine the effect of the technical efficiency of rice farming on food security using logit regression. Technical efficiency will be measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that the technical efficiency of rice farming is very low in East Java. Government assistance, irrigation, and extension have a significant effect on technical efficiency. Meanwhile, membership of farmer organization has no effect on technical efficiency. Around 69% of farmers can be categorized as food secure households. The estimation of logit regression shows that household size, income, land size, education, age, and gender significantly influence food security in East Java. Meanwhile, credit and technical efficiency did not have any significant effect.

scholarly journals Queering participatory planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 095624782110193
Author(s):  
Vanesa Castán Broto
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Queer Theory ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Participatory Planning ◽  
Radical Democracy ◽  
Politics Of Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
Participatory Processes ◽  
And Gender

All over the world, people suffer violence and discrimination because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. Queer theory has linked the politics of identity and sexuality with radical democracy experiments to decolonize development. Queering participatory planning can improve the wellbeing of vulnerable sectors of the population, while also enhancing their political representation and participation. However, to date, there has been limited engagement with the politics of sexuality and identity in participatory planning. This paper identifies three barriers that prevent the integration of queer concerns. First, queer issues are approached as isolated and distinct, separated from general matters for discussion in participatory processes. Second, heteronormative assumptions have shaped two fields that inform participatory planning practices: development studies and urban planning. Third, concrete, practical problems (from safety concerns to developing shared vocabularies) make it difficult to raise questions of identity and sexuality in public discussions. An engagement with queer thought has potential to renew participatory planning.

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