Modulation of an inhibitory jaw reflex by remote noxious stimulation: effects of spatial conditioning factors

Developing understanding of the economic value that communities ascribe to improved operations and maintenance (O&M) services has emerged as a key factor in achieving financial sustainability for rural water systems. The present study elicits household willingness to pay (WTP) for improved O&M services in eight gravity-fed water schemes in Idjwi Island (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC). A contingent valuation survey was implemented through an open-ended format questionnaire to 1105 heads of household and a log-linear regression model was employed to assess the factors influencing higher values. Findings show an average willingness to pay of 327 Congolese Francs (CDF) per month and 36 CDF per bucket. Results also indicate a significant WTP differential among studied schemes. The analysis of the conditioning factors reveals that the level of excludability, the participation in management meetings and the time employed in fetching water from an improved source are contingent with their WTP. The findings of this study are important for development agents trying to establish acceptable, affordable and practicable tariffs that help finance reliable rural water systems in Idjwi.

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Assessment of magnetite as a magnetic tracer for sediments in the study of ephemeral gully erosion: conditioning factors of magnetic susceptibility

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms ◽

10.1002/esp.5074 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Zubieta ◽

Juan C. Larrasoaña ◽

Alaitz Aldaz ◽

Javier Casalí ◽

Rafael Giménez

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Susceptibility ◽

Gully Erosion ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

Ephemeral Gully ◽

Magnetic Tracer

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Acetaminophen Inhibits Spinal Prostaglandin E2Release after Peripheral Noxious Stimulation

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-199907000-00032 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 231-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Uta S. Muth-Selbach ◽

Irmgard Tegeder ◽

Kay Brune ◽

Gerd Geisslinger

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Dorsal Horn ◽

Formalin Test ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Noxious Stimulation ◽

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor ◽

Nociceptive Processing ◽

Pge2 Release

Background Prostaglandin play a pivotal role in spinal nociceptive processing. At therapeutic concentrations, acetaminophen is not a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. inhibitor. Thus, it is antinociceptive without having antiinflammatory or gastrointestinal toxic effects. This study evaluated the role of spinal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in antinociception produced by intraperitoneally administered acetaminophen. Methods The PGE2 concentrations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were measured after formalin was injected into the hind paw of rats. The effect of antinociceptive doses of acetaminophen (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg given intraperitoneally) on PGE2 levels and flinching behavior was monitored Spinal PGE2 and acetaminophen concentrations were obtained by microdialysis using a probe that was implanted transversely through the dorsal horn of the spinal cord at L4. Furthermore, the effects of acetaminophen on urinary prostaglandin excretion were determined. Results Intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen resulted in a significant decrease in spinal PGE2 release that was associated with a significant reduction in the flinching behavior in the formalin test Acetaminophen was distributed rapidly into the spinal cord with maximum dialysate concentrations 4560 min after intraperitoneal administration. Urinary excretion of prostanoids (PGE2, PGF2alpha, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha) was not significantly altered after acetaminophen administration. Conclusions The data confirm the importance of PGE2 in spinal nociceptive processing. The results suggest that antinociception after acetaminophen administration is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of spinal PGE2 release. The mechanism, however, remains unknown. The finding that urinary excretion of prostaglandins was not affected might explain why acetaminophen is antinociceptive but does not compromise renal safety.

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New findings on iron absorption conditioning factors

Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil ◽

10.1590/s1519-38292004000300003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 241-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rute Cândida Pereira ◽

Alcides da Silva Diniz ◽

Luiz Oscar Cardoso Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Iron Absorption ◽

The Body ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

Risk Increase ◽

New Findings ◽

Intake Regulation ◽

The Impact

The authors focus iron intake regulation in the body and the probable mechanisms related to iron absorption. They analyze the impact of iron absorption deficiency resulting in iron deficiency anemia, a public health issue of great impact in the world influencing child and maternal health risk increase. This paper aims at highlighting the problems affecting the uptake or inhibiting processes of iron absorption in an attempt to correlate information on conditioning factors and current findings. This study is a document based descriptive study comprising literature review. In food, iron has different forms, such as the heme and non-heme forms following different absorption pathways with different efficiency rates, depending on conditioning factors, such as diet profile, physiological aspects, iron chemical state, absorption regulation, transportation, storing, excretion and the presence of disease, They also discuss the current difficulties in dealing with iron nutritional deficiency in vulnerable groups, children and pregnant women, and focus data on iron consumption, adhesion to breast feeding and the frequency of prenatal care visits.

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Regional Mapping of Groundwater Potential in Ar Rub Al Khali, Arabian Peninsula Using the Classification and Regression Trees Model

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13122300 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2300

Author(s):

Samy Elmahdy ◽

Tarig Ali ◽

Mohamed Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Regression Trees ◽

Classification And Regression Trees ◽

Groundwater Potential ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

Potential Mapping ◽

Classification And Regression ◽

Groundwater Potential Mapping

Mapping of groundwater potential in remote arid and semi-arid regions underneath sand sheets over a very regional scale is a challenge and requires an accurate classifier. The Classification and Regression Trees (CART) model is a robust machine learning classifier used in groundwater potential mapping over a very regional scale. Ten essential groundwater conditioning factors (GWCFs) were constructed using remote sensing data. The spatial relationship between these conditioning factors and the observed groundwater wells locations was optimized and identified by using the chi-square method. A total of 185 groundwater well locations were randomly divided into 129 (70%) for training the model and 56 (30%) for validation. The model was applied for groundwater potential mapping by using optimal parameters values for additive trees were 186, the value for the learning rate was 0.1, and the maximum size of the tree was five. The validation result demonstrated that the area under the curve (AUC) of the CART was 0.920, which represents a predictive accuracy of 92%. The resulting map demonstrated that the depressions of Mondafan, Khujaymah and Wajid Mutaridah depression and the southern gulf salt basin (SGSB) near Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) borders reserve fresh fossil groundwater as indicated from the observed lakes and recovered paleolakes. The proposed model and the new maps are effective at enhancing the mapping of groundwater potential over a very regional scale obtained using machine learning algorithms, which are used rarely in the literature and can be applied to the Sahara and the Kalahari Desert.

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Integrated Framework for Detecting the Areas Prone to Flooding Generated by Flash-Floods in Small River Catchments

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060758 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 758 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Romulus Costache ◽

Alina Barbulescu ◽

Quoc Bao Pham

Keyword(s):

Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽

Process Model ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Training Sample ◽

Flash Floods ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

Flood Susceptibility ◽

Hierarchy Process ◽

Very High

In the present study, the susceptibility to flash-floods and flooding was studied across the Izvorul Dorului River basin in Romania. In the first phase, three ensemble models were used to determine the susceptibility to flash-floods. These models were generated by a combination of three statistical bivariate methods, namely frequency ratio (FR), weights of evidence (WOE), and statistical index (SI), with fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP). The result obtained from the application of the FAHP-WOE model had the best performance highlighted by an Area Under Curve—Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC-ROC) value of 0.837 for the training sample and another of 0.79 for the validation sample. Furthermore, the results offered by FAHP-WOE were weighted on the river network level using the flow accumulation method, through which the valleys with a medium, high, and very high torrential susceptibility were identified. Based on these valleys’ locations, the susceptibility to floods was estimated. Thus, in the first stage, a buffer zone of 200 m was delimited around the identified valleys along which the floods could occur. Once the buffer zone was established, ten flood conditioning factors were used to determine the flood susceptibility through the analytical hierarchy process model. Approximately 25% of the total delimited area had a high and very high flood susceptibility.

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Functional and diffusion MRI reveal the neurophysiological basis of neonates’ noxious-stimulus evoked brain activity

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-22960-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Luke Baxter ◽

Fiona Moultrie ◽

Sean Fitzgibbon ◽

Marianne Aspbury ◽

Roshni Mansfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Resting State ◽

Early Life ◽

Diffusion Mri ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Noxious Stimulus ◽

Noxious Stimulation ◽

Human Connectome Project ◽

And Diffusion

AbstractUnderstanding the neurophysiology underlying neonatal responses to noxious stimulation is central to improving early life pain management. In this neonatal multimodal MRI study, we use resting-state and diffusion MRI to investigate inter-individual variability in noxious-stimulus evoked brain activity. We observe that cerebral haemodynamic responses to experimental noxious stimulation can be predicted from separately acquired resting-state brain activity (n = 18). Applying this prediction model to independent Developing Human Connectome Project data (n = 215), we identify negative associations between predicted noxious-stimulus evoked responses and white matter mean diffusivity. These associations are subsequently confirmed in the original noxious stimulation paradigm dataset, validating the prediction model. Here, we observe that noxious-stimulus evoked brain activity in healthy neonates is coupled to resting-state activity and white matter microstructure, that neural features can be used to predict responses to noxious stimulation, and that the dHCP dataset could be utilised for future exploratory research of early life pain system neurophysiology.

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