scholarly journals Stability and Change in Managerial Work Values: A Longitudinal Study of China, Hong Kong, and the U.S.

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Ralston ◽  
James Pounder ◽  
Carlos W. H. Lo ◽  
Yim-Yu Wong ◽  
Carolyn P. Egri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Managerial Work ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Managerial Values ◽  
Business Ideology ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Longitudinal Comparison ◽  
Substantial Change ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis study presents a 12-year (1989-2001) longitudinal comparison of managerial values systems in China, Hong Kong, and the U.S. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we test the validity of the three competing perspectives - convergence, divergence, and crossvergence - on values system evolution in these three societies. We use the sociocultural influence and business ideology influence typology as the foundation for developing our hypotheses. Additionally, we assess the contribution of the specific values within the values system to the overall system values findings. Our data most strongly support the multicultural crossvergence perspective. During a time period of stability in the U.S. and substantial change in both Hong Kong and China, the values of Hong Kong and China became more similar, while the values of these two Greater China societies became more different from those of the U.S.

scholarly journals A Tournament Approach to Price Discovery in the U.S. Cattle Market

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Wright ◽  
Man-Keun Kim ◽  
Hernan A. Tejeda ◽  
Hwa-Neyon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Futures Markets ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Cattle Markets ◽  
Price Leader ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Cattle Market ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The dominant market where information is discovered plays the role of price leader providing substantial market information to other markets. This study investigates the dynamic relationships of 30 cattle markets across regions, cattle types, and cash/futures markets. The comparison of many markets, using an error correction model, is accomplished with the introduction of a tournament with a hierarchical cluster analysis, which allows us to conclude that the leading price for the U.S. cattle markets is discovered in the futures markets for both feeder and fed cattle.

Contrasting evolutionary flexibility in sister groups: disparity and diversity in Mesozoic atelostomate echinoids

Paleobiology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunther J. Eble
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Developmental Constraint ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Lower Paleozoic ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Biological Hierarchy ◽  
Substantial Change ◽  
Test Architecture ◽  
Ordinal Level

Temporal asymmetries in clade histories have often been studied in lower Paleozoic radiations. Post-Paleozoic patterns, however, are less well understood. In this paper, disparity and diversity changes in Mesozoic heart urchins were analyzed at the ordinal level, with contrasts among the sister groups Holasteroida and Spatangoida, their paraphyletic stem group Disasteroida the more inclusive clade, the superorder Atelostomata. A 38-dimensional landmark-based morphospace representing test architecture was used to describe morphological evolution in terms of total variance and total range. Discordances between disparity and diversity were evident and were expressed both as deceleration in morphological diversification in all groups and as disproportionately higher disparity early in the histories of the Atelostomata, Holasteroida Spatangoida. The finding that the early atelostomate disparity peak coincides with the origin of the orders Holasteroida and Spatangoida lends support to the perception of orders as semi-independent entities in the biological hierarchy and as meaningful proxies for morphological distinctness.A comparison of holasteroid and spatangoid responses to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction revealed morphological selectivity. Paleocene spatangoid survivors showed no change in disparity relative to the Campanian-Maastrichtian sample, suggesting nonselectivity. Holasteroids suffered a pronounced loss in disparity (despite a rather high Late Cretaceous level of disparity), indicating morphological selectivity of extinction.Partitioning of disparity into plastral and nonplastral components, reflecting different degrees of developmental entrenchment and functionality, suggests that the origin of holasteroids and spatangoids is more consistent with an exploration of the developmental flexibility of nonplastral constructions than with uniform ecospace occupation. Within groups, several patterns were also most consistent with intrinsic controls. For plastral landmarks, there is an apparent increase in developmental modularity and decrease in developmental constraint from disasteroids to holasteroids and spatangoids. For nonplastral landmarks, no substantial change in disparity was observed from disasteroids to holasteroids and spatangoids, suggesting the maintenance of a developmental constraint despite the passage of time and ecological differentiation. More generally, this study suggests that certain topologies of disparity and evolutionary mechanisms potentially characteristic of the lower Paleozoic radiations of higher taxa (e.g., developmental flexibility) need not be confined to any given time period or hierarchical level.

Infant fatality patterns in shared sleep: keys to intervention strategies?

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1322-1326
Author(s):  
Dorothy Ann Drago ◽  
Carol Pollack-Nelson ◽  
Sarah Beth Newens
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Sleep Environment ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Age And Sex

This study examines infant fatalities that occurred while sharing a sleep surface. Fatality data reported to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) during the time period January, 2013 through December, 2017 and involving infants through age 10 months were reviewed. 1,587 Cases were analyzed on the following variables: infant age and sex; sleep environment by product; cause of death; fatality pattern; and breastfeeding, where it was mentioned. 97% Of deaths were due to some form of asphyxia. Adult beds were associated with 78% of shared sleep fatalities, and the primary fatality pattern was overlay (35.4%)/probable overlay (8.8%). Infants <3 months made up 65% of fatalities. The data reflect that bedsharing continues, despite AAP guidelines to the contrary, and that overlay is the primary hazard pattern to be addressed. This paper discusses potential risk reduction strategies that may reduce the potential for overlay fatalities.

scholarly journals The U.S. Toothpaste Market: A Competitive Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. p145
Author(s):  
Y. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Fundamental Result ◽  
Retail Sales ◽  
Benefit Segmentation ◽  
Market Leader ◽  
The U.S

This paper follows the path of seven studies (see below). However, it is different in one important respect: it also offers a benefit segmentation profile of the U.S. Toothpaste Market.Porter associates high market share with cost leadership strategy which is based on the idea of competing on a price that is lower than that of the competition. However, customer-perceived quality—not low cost—should be the foundation of competitive strategy, because it is far more vital to long-term competitive position and profitability than any other factor. So, a superior alternative is to offer better quality vs. the competition.In most consumer markets a business seeking market share leadership should try to serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment; and offering quality better than that of the competition: at a price somewhat higher, to signify an image of quality, and to ensure that the strategy is both profitable and sustainable in the long run. Quality, however, is a complex concept that consumers generally find difficult to understand. So, they often use relative price, and a brand’s reputation as a symbol of quality.In 2008 retail sales in the U.S. were $1.27 Billion for the Toothpaste Market. The market leader Crest had a market share of 34.7%, closely followed by Colgate with a share of 33.5%. We focused on the most popular pack-size—5.8-6.5oz—which had a 45.3% share. Employing Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, we tested two hypotheses: (1) That a market leader is likely to compete in the mid-price segment, and (2) That the unit price of the market leader is likely to be somewhat higher than that of the nearest competition. Employing U.S. retail sales data for 2008 and 2007, we found that, for both 2008 and 2007, the market leader in the U.S. Toothpaste market—Crest—was a member of the mid-price segment. Furthermore, the unit price of Crest was somewhat higher than that of Colgate, the runner-up, which was also a member of the mid-price segment.Thus, the results fully supported both Hypothesis I and II—for 2008 and 2007.We also found strong support for the idea, that relative price is a strategic variable, as we have hypothesized.We discovered five benefit segments. The most fundamental result of this analysis is that it revealed an avalanche of various brands of toothpaste that not only whitened teeth, but were also helpful in preventing tooth decay, as before.Finally, we discovered four strategic groups in the industry.

Assessment of Elevator Risks and Code Requirements Associated With Slip, Trip and Fall Hazards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bress ◽  
Eugenia Kennedy ◽  
Mark Guttag
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
Current Effort ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Manual Inspection ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Safety Code ◽  
Elevator Door ◽  
The U.S

Abstract In previous work, the hazards associated with elevator door closures were identified and analyzed. Using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), incidents associated with door strikes were identified between the years 1990 to 2017. This current effort focuses on elevator slip, trip and fall hazards. The ASME A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators requires that elevator systems be equipped with leveling devices to vertically align the car platform sill relative to the hoistway landing sill to attain a predetermined accuracy. Even with the leveling safety requirements, slip, trip and fall incidents for passengers exiting or entering elevators are known to occur. This paper will analyze elevator slip, trip and fall hazards using injury records from the NEISS database from 1990 to 2019. Relevant elevator incidents were extracted from this dataset through manual inspection of the text-based description fields of all elevator-related incident records found in the NEISS dataset from this time period. National projections of elevator incidents were then calculated from this extracted dataset and trended for the entire time period of 1990 through 2019. The age and sex distributions of these national projections were also analyzed. These projections and trends are then discussed in the context of ASME A17.1 requirements intended to mitigate the risks of injuries when entering or exiting an elevator.

A Case Study of Federal Leadership Perspectives on Special Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 002246692090990
Author(s):  
Jeannie Kleinhammer-Tramill ◽  
Zorka Karanxha ◽  
A. Joy Broughton
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The U.S

This article is part of an illustrative study of federal leadership in special education based on interviews with persons who served as Assistant Secretaries in the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services and Directors of the Office of Special Education Programs. The perspectives cover the time period since the inception of the HEW—Bureau of Education for the Handicapped in 1967 until 2012. A phenomenological approach to interpreting the data revealed that these leaders faced similar barriers in their efforts to implement their vision, that their family background experiences influenced the policies they pursued, that their accomplishments frame major evolutions of the field, and, that their work represents a lifelong commitment to improving education and services for students with disabilities and special needs. We believe what we learned has value not only in helping to understand the challenges and accomplishments that have passed but also in its potential for guiding the future of federal and other legislation protecting the rights of and improving and sustaining the services needed for individuals with disabilities.

Identities and beliefs across time and space

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Chit Cheung Matthew Sung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Narrative Inquiry ◽  
Learning Trajectories ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Inquiry Approach ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Native English Speaking ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper presents a case study of a Hong Kong university student’s experiences of learning English as a second language (L2) over a four-year period, with particular attention to the changes in her identities and beliefs across time and space. Drawing on a narrative inquiry approach, the study revealed that the student’s L2 identities appeared to be shaped by specific contextual conditions and agentic choices made by the student in response to different contexts, including consultation sessions with native English-speaking tutors, study abroad in the U.S., interactions with non-native English-speaking peers, and classroom interactions. It was also found that her L2 identities and beliefs not only varied over time in a complex and dynamic manner, but also appeared to be closely interconnected and interacted with each other in a reciprocal and bi-directional manner. The case study points to the need to pay more attention to the complex and dynamic interrelationship between identity and belief in L2 learning trajectories.

Sickle Cell Disease Mortality in the United States: Age at Death and Contributing Causes.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 81-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlton Haywood ◽  
Sophie Lanzkron
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
College Education ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The U.S

Abstract BACKGROUND: In the early 1990’s, the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) estimated a median life expectancy of 42 years for males, and 48 years for females with sickle cell anemia. We used death certificate data from the late 1990’s and early 2000’s to examine age at death and contributing causes of death for persons with sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: We used the National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death (MCOD) files to examine age at death and contributing causes of death for persons in the U.S. with SCD during the years 1999 to 2004. The MCOD files contain data from all death certificates filed in the U.S. Each observation in the data has listed an underlying (primary) cause of death, as well as up to 20 conditions thought to contribute to the death. We used ICD-10 codes D570-D578 to identify all deaths attributed to SCD during the time period under study. Records with the ICD-10 code for sickle cell trait (D573) were excluded from further analyses. We used the Clinical Classification Software provided by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to collapse all listed ICD-10 codes into smaller categories. Analyses of age at death were conducted using t-tests, median tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression as appropriate. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2004, there were 4553 deaths in the U.S. attributed to SCD (mean = 759/yr, sd = 42.6). SCD was listed as the primary cause in 65% of the deaths. 95% of the deaths were attributed to HbSS disease, and approximately 1% of the deaths were attributed to double heterozygous sickle cell disorders (SC/SD/SE/Thal). 50.4% of the deaths were among males. 64% of the decedents had a high school education or less. 54% of the decedents lived in the South. 68% of the decedents died as inpatients in a hospital. The mean age at death for the time period was 38.2 years (sd = 15.6). There was no change in the mean age at death during the time period. Females were older than males at death (39.4 vs. 36.9, p < 0.0001). Those with HbSS were younger than those with a double heterozygous disorder (38 vs. 47, p < 0.02). Having SCD listed as the primary cause of death was associated with younger age at death (36.8 vs. 40.7, p < 0.0001). Decedents with at least some college education were older at death than those with high school educations or less (40.9 vs. 37.0 p < 0.0001). There were no regional differences in mean age at death. In a multivariate model of age at death with the predictors gender, region, education, and whether or not SCD was listed as the primary cause of death, being female and having some college education remained associated with older age at death, while having SCD listed as the primary cause of death remained associated with younger age at death. Septicemia, pulmonary heart disease, liver disease and renal failure were among the top contributing causes of death for adults, while septicemia, acute cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia were among the top contributing causes of death for kids. CONCLUSIONS: Persons dying from SCD during 1999 to 2004 experienced ages at death that are not improved over those reported by the CSSCD, suggesting the continued need for societal efforts aimed at improving the quality of care for SCD, especially among adults with the condition. Educational attainment is associated with age at death among the SCD population, though it is not possible from the cross-sectional nature of this data to determine the causal directionality of this association.

Political Arithmetic: New Evidence on the ‘Small-State Bias’ in Federal Spending

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle B. Matthews ◽  
William F. Shughart ◽  
Taylor P. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Panel Data Model ◽  
Federal Spending ◽  
Small State ◽  
Federal Funds ◽  
Time Period ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The U.S

Abstract This paper revisits the literature identifying a small-state bias in federal spending, according to which the distribution of federal funds favors the less populous states because they are ‘overrepresented’ in the U.S. Senate. Estimating a panel data model of die determinants of government spending per million capita across the 50 states over a longer time period [1972- 2000] than studied hitherto, and controlling for heterogeneity in the memberships of the House and Senate by including the tenures of die states’ congressional delegations, we report evidence supporting the existence of a bias toward states that are overrepresented in both chambers. Our key finding, however, is that the small-state bias is sensitive to the time period considered.

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