Hoarding, Speculation, and the Public Order of the Market in France, End of the Eighteenth Century–1914

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 727-759
Author(s):  
Alessandro Stanziani
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Industrial Concentration ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Regulated Competition

France regulated competition through the gradual development of jurisprudence rooted in Old Regime practices of speculation and hoarding. This article aims to understand the reasons for this institutional legacy in order to determine if and how these norms could be adapted to the new phenomena of industrial concentration as they appeared at the turn of the nineteenth century.I argue that French regulation of futures trades and speculation are aimed to stabilize and enhance markets and not to limit them, and that continuities in market and capitalism regulation were much more important than usually held.

The records of the Charity Commissions a source for urban history

Urban History ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Grady
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Public ◽  
Charity Commission ◽  
Public Record ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Made In

Officially sponsored investigation of charities has a long history encompassing the seventeenth-and eighteenth-century commissions issued under the Statutes of Charitable Uses of 1597 and 1601, and the brief national inquiry made for the Gilbert returns of 1787–8. It was in the nineteenth century, however, that the first detailed general surveys of English and Welsh charities were made. In August 1818, amidst revived interest in the more effective utilization of charitable funds, the Brougham Commission was appointed by parliament to examine the state of charitable trusts for educational purposes in England. With the renewal and widening of its powers in the following year, it spent almost two decades investigating charitable trusts of all types in England and Wales. The Commission expired in 1837 but, after lengthy vacillation, parliament set up a permanent body in 1853. Like its predecessor, this new commission began collecting up-to-date information about charitable trusts; a task it still performs today. The invaluable products of the two commissions are several voluminous series of reports and digests printed in Parliamentary Papers between 1819 and 1913, and extensive records dating from 1819 held by the Charity Commission and the Public Record Office. This article discusses these sources and their value to the urban historian.

‘Furiously Mad’: Vagrancy Law and a Sub-Group of the Disorderly Poor

Rural History ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
AUDREY ECCLES
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
The Public ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

Abstract:Madness has been a social problem from time immemorial. Wealthy lunatics were made royal wards so that their estates would be looked after, and the common law very early admitted madness and idiocy as conditions justifying the exemption of the sufferer from punishments for crime. But the vast majority of lunatics have never been either criminal or wealthy, and many wandered about begging, unwelcome in any settled community. Finally, in the eighteenth century, the law made some attempt to determine a course of action which would protect the public and theoretically also the lunatic. This legislation and its application in practice to protect the public, contain the lunatic, and deal with the nuisance caused by those ‘disordered in their senses’, form the subject of this article. Much has been written about the development of psychiatry, mainly from contemporary medical texts, and about the treatment of lunatics in institutions, chiefly from nineteenth-century sources, but much remains to be discovered from archival sources about the practicalities of dealing with lunatics at parish level, particularly how they were defined as lunatics, who made such decisions, and how they were treated in homes and workhouses.

Byron and the Politics of Paradise

PMLA ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Bostetter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Profound Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Chain Of Being ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
The Universe

In The Great Chain of Being Professor Lovejoy pointed out that in the eighteenth century a profound change took place in the ways of thinking about the universe—from conceiving of it as static and complete to conceiving of it as organic and infinitely changing. Recently, in The Subtler Language, Earl Wasserman has discussed the acute artistic problems that this shift in thought created for the poet. Until the end of the eighteenth century there were certain “cosmic syntaxes” in the public domain such as the Christian interpretation of history and the concept of the great chain of being which the poet could expect his audience to recognize and accept. He “could transform language by means of them, and could survey reality and experience in the presence of the world these syntaxes implied… By the nineteenth century these world pictures had passed from consciousness for the purpose of public poetry, and no longer did men share in any significant degree a sense of cosmic design.” Therefore, says Wasserman, the Romantic poets—and poets ever since—have been forced to formulate their own cosmic syntax and “shape the autonomous poetic reality that the cosmic syntax permits.”

Manufacturing nature: science, technology and Victorian consumer culture

1996 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwan Rhys Morus
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Public Place ◽  
The Public ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Science Technology

The public place of science and technology in Britain underwent a dramatic change during the first half of the nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century, natural philosophy was still on the whole the province of a relatively small group ofaficionados. London possessed only one institution devoted to the pursuit of natural knowledge: the Royal Society. The Royal Society also published what was virtually the only journal dealing exclusively with scientific affairs: thePhilosophical Transactions. By 1851, when the Great Exhibition opened its doors in Hyde Park to an audience of spectators that could be counted in the millions, the pursuit of science as a national need, its relationship to industrial progress were acceptable, if not uncontested facts for many commentators.

The Operatic Voice of Leoni the Jew: Between the Synagogue and the Theater in Late Georgian Britain

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-321
Author(s):  
Uri Erman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Anti Jewish

AbstractMichael Leoni, a leading singer in late eighteenth-century London, became famous for his role in Richard Brinsley Sheridan's anti-Jewish operaThe Duenna. He was discovered, however, at the Jewish synagogue, where his singing enthralled non-Jews in the early 1770s. Tracing Leoni's public reception, this article argues that the performative effect of his singing had a multifaceted relation to his audience's psychology of prejudice, serving to both reiterate and reconfigure a variety of preconceptions regarding the Jews. Leoni's intervention through operatic singing was particularly significant––a powerful, bodily manifestation that was capable of transforming listeners while exhibiting the deep acculturation of the singer himself. The ambivalence triggered by his performances would go on to define the public reception of other Jewish singers, particularly that of Leoni's protégé, John Braham, Britain's leading tenor in the early nineteenth century. Ultimately, the experience of these Jews' performances could not be easily deconstructed, as the Jewish performers' voices were emanating from within written, sometimes canonical, musical works. This representational impasse gave rise to a public discourse intent on deciphering their Jewishness, raising questions of interpretation, intention, and confession.

scholarly journals Evangelicalism and Secularization in Britain and America from the Eighteenth Century to the Present

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bebbington
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Core ◽  
Two Sides

Evangelicalism, the most salient form of religion in Britain and America by the mid-nineteenth century, formed the core of what was undermined by secularization over subsequent years. Did the characteristics of evangelicalism on the two sides of the Atlantic contribute to the different degrees of disenchantment with religion in the two countries? It is argued that the evangelical movements in the United States and Britain were still much the same during the period to around the opening of the twentieth century. But from that point onwards divergence set in, so that evangelicalism in America became more successful in capturing the allegiance of the public. The British version of evangelicalism that was undermined by secularization was a much feebler force during the twentieth century. Hence, it is not surprising that the secular made much greater strides in Britain than in America.

Writers and Essayists and the Rise of Magyar Nationalism in the 1820s and 1830s

Slavic Review ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-640
Author(s):  
Laszlo Deme
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

It is a generally accepted fact that the French Revolution took place in the realm of ideas before it started in the streets. The philosophes demolished the old regime prior to 1789 and prepared the public ideologically for a new political order. They also created new ideas about nationhood and redefined the meaning of the term for the French. Hungary experienced the transition from feudalism to civil equality approximately sixty years after France, and Hungarian men of letters played a role similar to that of their French counterparts in the period before the Revolution of 1848. Since Hungary was under Austrian domination, nationalist ideas became of much greater public concern there than they had been in France.Many aspects of early nineteenth-century Magyar nationalism still need clarification. In this article I shall examine the ideas of Magyar writers and essayists on national identity in the 1820s and 1830s.

Decanting the Rabelaisian Casks: Accessing Neoplatonic Poetic Fury in Baudelaire's ‘L'Âme du vin’

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-279
Author(s):  
Robert J. Hudson ◽  
Kristen Foote
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Robust Version ◽  
Poetic Inspiration ◽  
Fleurs Du Mal

In one of the lesser-studied sections of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal, ‘Le Vin’, the poet offers a key to understanding the transcendence necessary for common post-Revolution Parisians to attain the proper poetic inspiration to create elevated verse. Divine or poetic Fury, a theoretically more robust version of other nineteenth-century ideas of intoxication, is at the heart of the section's threshold poem, ‘L'Âme du vin’, and establishes a bridge in Les Fleurs du mal linking the modern terrestrial wanderings of the ‘Tableaux parisiens’ to the celestial flights of the ‘Fleurs du mal’. Developed from Plato's Ion and Gallically codified by Rabelais, these theories filter to the aesthete Baudelaire, who decants this aged wine into a nineteenth-century vessel that lays old regime vertical hierarchies on their side and offers poetic intoxication to all who are willing to labour to become vessels of inspiration themselves.

Homicide in Scotland, 1800–1849: Numbers and Theories (2)

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-240
Author(s):  
W. W. J. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Spontaneous Action

This article challenges a series of orthodox propositions put forward by historians writing on the decline in homicide levels over the last three hundred years. Firstly, there was a decline in impulsive violence; secondly, there was a shift from stranger to intimate killing; and thirdly, there was a transition of the site of murder from the public to the private sphere. It will be argued that murder remained a mainly spontaneous action, a response to highly charged or impassioned insults and words, sometimes alcohol-fuelled and while the killing of spouses and other immediate family members increased over the course of 150 years (1700–1849), the pattern established in the second half of the eighteenth century was hardly disturbed since most victims were known to their assailants as family, friends or workmates. Stranger killing became more commonly associated with drunken brawls in taverns or in the streets; homicides that involved premeditative action, such as robbery, were rarely the cause of death. It is also clear that the street rather than the home was the most common location, again reflecting the spontaneous and opportunistic character of homicide.

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