International Justice and Health: A Proposal

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Sreenivasan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Rich Countries

This paper discusses obligations of international distributive justice-specifically, obligations rich countries have to transfer resources to poor countries. It argues that the major seven OECD countries each have an obligation to transfer at least one percent of their GDP to developing countries.The strategy of the paper is to defend this position without having to resolve the many debates that attend questions of international distributive justice. In this respect, it belongs to the neglected category of nonideal theory. The key to the strategy is to show that a significant amount of good would be accomplished by a one percent transfer, despite the fact that one percent is quite a small amount.To make this showing, the paper takes health as a fundamental measure of individual well-being and examines the improvement in life expectancy that would likely result from devoting the one percent transfer to the major determinants of health. It adduces data indicating that substantial progress towards raising life expectancy in developing countries to the global average of 64.5 years can be expected from expenditures of $125 per capita, divided between health care, education, and basic nutrition and income support. A one percent transfer from the major seven is enough to cover expenditures on that scale for the poorest fifth of the world's population.

ONE HEALTH AND BIOSAFETY -NEED OF HARMONIZATION IN MONGOLIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
Zayatiin Batsukh ◽  
Gonchigoogiin Battsetseg
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Wildlife Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

The One Health concept recognizes that the health of humans is connected to the health of animals and the environment. The major aim of the One Health is to improve health and well-being through the prevention of risks and the mitigation of effects of crises that originate at the interface between humans, animals and their various environments.Regardless of which of the many definitions of One Health is used, the common theme is collaboration across sectors. Collaborating across sectors that have a direct or indirect impact on health involves thinking and working across silos and optimizing resources and efforts while respecting the autonomy of the various sectors. To improve the effectiveness of the One Health approach, there is a need to establish a better sectoral balance among existing groups and networks, especially between veterinarians and physicians, and to increase the participation of environmental and wildlife health practitioners, as well as social scientists and development actors.As this kind of collaboration newly introduced in Mongolia, there are numerous complications and difficulties may arise, that eventually could lead to the results, with higher negative impact to the public and personal health. From the technical perspective, it is undoubtfully important to evaluate the system and reveal the gap and weakness of each stakeholder in this important network and try to introduce common standard operational procedures for the handling and maintaining infective agents to avoid the unpleasant spill over the pathogen into the environment.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 146-152

scholarly journals The Indirect Effect of Democracy on Economic Growth in the MENA Region (1990–2015)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shereen Nosier ◽  
Aya El-Karamani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
The One ◽  
Rich Countries

This paper examines the indirect effect of democracy on economic growth using a dataset of 17 MENA countries from 1990 to 2015. Democracy is assumed to affect growth through a series of channels: education, health, physical capital accumulation per labor, government consumption, and trade openness. A system of six simultaneous equations, 3SLS, is used to estimate the effect of democracy on growth through these channels. For further analysis, the countries are classified into groups according to the democratic status on the one side, and the level of income on the other. The results indicate that democracy enhances growth through its positive effect on health in all classifications of countries within the MENA region. However, the effect of democracy on growth through education and physical capital/labor is non-monotonic. Democracy always hinders growth through government size and trade openness. Once all of these indirect effects are accounted for, the overall effect of democracy on growth is negative in less democratic countries and poor countries, but positive in more democratic countries and rich countries.

scholarly journals Inventory Management, Product Quality, and Cross‑Country Income Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 338-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo S. Blum ◽  
Sebastian Claro ◽  
Kunal Dasgupta ◽  
Ignatius J. Horstmann
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Quality Upgrading ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Export Destination ◽  
The One ◽  
Rich Countries

Previous research has documented that export shipments are “lumpy”— exporters make infrequent and relatively large shipments to any given export destination. This fact has been interpreted as implying that fixed, per shipment cost and inventory management decisions play a key role in international trade. We document here that exports from poor countries are considerably more lumpy—have higher fixed per shipment cost— than those from rich countries. Using a model of trade with inventory management, we estimate that the country at the ninetieth percentile of the distribution of per shipment costs has almost three times higher costs than the one at the tenth percentile. We show that these per shipment cost differences have a reduced-form representation given by an ad  valorem trade cost that varies with export country income (as in Waugh 2010 ). A calibrated version of the model that incorporates these estimates and allows for endogenous product quality reveals that cross-country differences in per shipment costs explain almost 40 percent of the observed cross-country differences in income. It also shows that policies that lower per shipment costs can lead to significant welfare gains, mainly due to induced quality upgrading. (JEL F12, F14, F43, G31, O16, O19)

scholarly journals Strategies for Developing Countries: Experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Manuel Amador
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Developing countries face severe poverty, unemployment, low agriculture productivity, unequal distribution of income and consumption, poor sanitation, and illiteracy. These problems are difficult to solve because of lack of resources, industrial backwardness, and the limited extent to which modern science and technology are introduced. Thus it is necessary to reexamine the objectives of development and the values on which they are established. It will not be possible to achieve fair levels of well-being if progress is attempted simply by copying patterns in rich countries rather than through a rational application of those countries’ scientific knowledge and productive technologies. In several countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, the development of technical and human resources and institutions has helped solve several problems. Cuba has made progress in biotechnology and in health, food, agriculture, cattle, fishery, and education, applying its own resources and the creativeness of scientists, technicians, and workers in these fields. These efforts have succeeded notwithstanding the difficulty of gaining access to Western technology and the country's severe financial limitations. A political decision for elaborating a global strategy and setting resources, and testing the technology and evaluating its technical, economic, social, political, and cultural feasibility were necessary.

Should a Cosmopolitan Worry about the “Brain Drain”?

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devesh Kapur ◽  
John McHale
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Many developing countries are experiencing high rates of emigration of their highly skilled citizens. This essay asks if a cosmopolitan—who we take to be generally supportive of freer international migration—should worry about the adverse effects on those remaining behind in poor countries. We document the extent of skilled outflows, discuss the causes and consequences of those outflows, and offer principles to guide a cosmopolitan policy response. We argue that skilled emigration harms long-run institutional development. The right response, however, is not to shut down the one reasonably liberal element of the international migration regime but to look for ways to make international migration work better for development.

The View From Orthodoxy: Point/Counterpoint on Globalization and Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-370
Author(s):  
Claudio Schuftan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Many ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Long Term Trend

The long-term trend of globalization masks a frank deterioration of the situation of the have-nots. Since 1970, polarization has grown faster than inequality, with alarming consequences for human rights and the economy overall. Globalization has continued to enrich the few at the expense of providing a decent livelihood and respecting the human rights of the many. Industrialized countries continue to be the rule makers—poor countries the rule takers. Rich countries go for growth, but an inequality-entrenching growth that brings about human rights violations and poverty. In many developing economies, income inequality and the violation of human rights have clearly increased over the past 3 decades. Discriminated losers have been fighting globalization before it had a name; they still are. Globalization has thus actually resulted in greater income inequality plus human rights violations and disrupted lives. Globalization may well be a finished project. We must remind our respective governments that they have the power to improve working people’s lives so that they, once and for all, address the needs of those who lose out from technological change and globalization. Otherwise, our political problems will only deepen.

scholarly journals Adherence with Drug Therapy in Pregnancy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doreen Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Harmful Effects

Available information suggests that nonadherence with medication is a common problem in pregnant women. Not taking prescribed drugs may have potentially negative consequences as patients may not achieve their therapeutic goal. In addition to the many factors that may influence medication-taking behaviour in the general population, unique challenges are encountered in pregnant women as both maternal health and fetal well-being must be considered. On the one hand, pregnant women may be motivated to keep their underlying disease under control, while, on the other hand, fear and anxiety regarding the potential harmful effects of their medication on their unborn child may result in poor adherence with needed medication. Providing evidence-based information, ideally preconceptually, regarding the effects of their medication during pregnancy may be important in avoiding misperceptions that lead to nonadherence.

Sixteenth-Century Reading in the Indies

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Torre Revello
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The People ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

Among the many books destined for children, the one preferred in America during the colonial period was the Fables attributed to the Phrygian slave, Aesop. Translated into Spanish, it was found in the hands of travelers and colonists throughout the Spanish empire. The simplicity of the tales and the morals which they point out made them the delight not only of children but also of adults, who explained the precepts with purposeful wit.Aesop was one of the authors most read in the New World, according to what we can deduce by consulting the numerous lists of books which were sent to various parts of the American continent. His fables were also circulated in Latin and Greek, surely for pedagogical purposes. In Spain there was no lack of poets who devoted part of their work to fables, such as the Archpriest of Hita with his Enxiemplos, up to the culmination in the eighteenth century with Félix María Samaniego and Tomás de Iriarte, whose works it is logical to suppose were brought to the New World with many others of various kinds. By that time the shores of America were being swept by other ideas, distinct from those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which brought unrest to the minds of the people, ideas foreign to the calm and well-being of the two previous centuries.

scholarly journals Utilitarianism without Moral Aggregation

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-269
Author(s):  
Johan E. Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

AbstractIs an outcome where many people are saved and one person dies better than an outcome where the one is saved and the many die? According to the standard utilitarian justification, the former is better because it has a greater sum total of well-being. This justification involves a controversial form of moral aggregation, because it is based on a comparison between aggregates of different people’s well-being. Still, an alternative justification—the Argument for Best Outcomes—does not involve moral aggregation. I extend the Argument for Best Outcomes to show that any utilitarian evaluation can be justified without moral aggregation.

Globalization

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-204
Author(s):  
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Family Separation ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
The Many ◽  
Rich Countries

Chapter nine identifies the elephant in the room—the threat to children’s well-being posed by globalization. While recognizing the many benefits of globalism, the author identifies six damaging phenomena related to globalization that are degrading the ecology of childhood. These threats are (1) unrestrained capitalism, (2) runaway technological revolution, (3) rising inequality, (4) mass migration, (5) racial and ethnic conflict, and (6) the apocalyptic crisis of climate change. The author shows how these phenomena, far from being distant and abstract from children’s lives, are affecting every level of the ecology of childhood, from the microsystems of family life to the macrosystems that shape national and global agendas. Collectively, these phenomena are responsible for many of the problems already highlighted in the book, including deteriorating wages and working conditions for parents, diminished opportunity for young people to start families, the trauma of family separation and forced migration, and unconscionable rates of child poverty even in rich countries. These troubling developments, if unrecognized and unaddressed, threaten children’s cognitive and social development, undercut intergenerational solidarity, and increase children’s vulnerability to illness, natural disaster and environmental degradation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document