Effects of edible coating containing Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus on fungal growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tugce Ulutasdemir ◽  
Arzu Cagri‐Mehmetoglu
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Edible Coating ◽  
Williopsis Saturnus

Control of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production with spices in culture medium and rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Aiko ◽  
A. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Star Anise ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Cinnamon, cardamom, star anise and clove were studied for their effect on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis. The experiments were carried out in yeast extract sucrose culture broth as well as in rice supplemented with spices. AFB1 produced was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, cardamom and star anise did not exhibit any antifungal or anti-aflatoxigenic activity in culture broth, whereas cinnamon and clove inhibited A. flavus growth completely. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon and clove were 4 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Concentrations of cinnamon and clove below their minimum inhibitory concentrations showed enhanced fungal growth, while AFB1 synthesis was reduced. Clove inhibited the synthesis of AFB1 significantly up to 99% at concentrations ≥1.0 mg/ml. The spices also inhibited AFB1 synthesis in rice at 5 mg/g, although fungal growth was not inhibited. Clove and cinnamon inhibited AFB1 synthesis significantly up to 99 and 92%, respectively, and star anise and cardamom by 41 and 23%, respectively. The results of this study suggest the use of whole spices rather than their essential oils for controlling fungal and mycotoxin contamination in food grains.

No Effect of Soybean Lipoxygenase on Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus flavus–Inoculated Seeds

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1984-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MELLON ◽  
P. J. COTTY
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Significant Difference

Soybean lines lacking lipoxygenase (LOX) activity were compared with soybean lines having LOX activity for the ability to support growth and aflatoxin B1 production by the fungal seed pathogen Aspergillus flavus. Whole seeds, broken seeds, and heat-treated (autoclaved) whole seeds were compared. Broken seeds, irrespective of LOX presence, supported excellent fungal growth and the highest aflatoxin levels. Autoclaved whole seeds, with or without LOX, produced good fungal growth and aflatoxin levels approaching those of broken seeds. Whole soybean seeds supported sparse fungal growth and relatively low aflatoxin levels. There was no significant difference in aflatoxin production between whole soybean seeds either with or without LOX, although there did seem to be differences among the cultivars tested. The heat treatment eliminated LOX activity (in LOX+ lines), yet aflatoxin levels did not change substantially from the broken seed treatment. Broken soybean seeds possessed LOX activity (in LOX+ lines) and yet yielded the highest aflatoxin levels. The presence of active LOX did not seem to play the determinant role in the susceptibility of soybean seeds to fungal pathogens. Seed coat integrity and seed viability seem to be more important characteristics in soybean seed resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Soybean seeds lacking LOX seem safe from the threat of increased seed pathogen susceptibility.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antifungal activity of Pittosporum undulatum L. essential oil against Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosane Tamara da Silva Medeiros ◽  
Edlayne Gonçalez ◽  
Roberto Carlos Felicio ◽  
Joana D'arc Felicio
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Main Producer ◽  
Mycelial Development

The presence of mycotoxins as a result of fungal attack can occur before, after and during the harvest and storage operations on agricultural crops and food commodities. Considering the inhibitory property of essential plant oils on the mycelial development of fungi and the importance of Aspergillus flavus, the main producer of aflatoxins, this research was designed to evaluate the toxicity of essential oil from Pittosporum undulatum against A. flavus. The essential oils were obtained from P. undulatum leaves, collected in different months and analyzed by GC/MS. The oils were rich in hydrocarbon, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and it was observed a significant variation on the chemical composition of the essential oil of leaves at different months. Besides, the essential oils were tested against fungal growth and the results showed different spectrum of inhibition on A. flavus. However, the essential oils inhibited the aflatoxin B1 production.

scholarly journals Post-harvest control of aflatoxin production in in-shell moist peanuts with sodium ortho-phenylphenate: III. Storage tests

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fonseca ◽  
C.R. Gallo ◽  
M.A. Calori-Domingues ◽  
E.M. Gloria ◽  
P.J. Approbatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Cleaning Machine

The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium ortho-phenylphenate (SOP) application to in-shell moist peanuts for the control of aflatoxin production. Previous studies showed the need to improve the SOP solution distribution on peanut pods to evaluate the product. Thus, in this experiment the place of the spray system was the bag filler pipe of the pre-cleaning machine in the warehouse. In the 1989 rainy season two lots of 120 bags of in-shell moist peanuts were sprayed with 0.5 and 1% SOP solutions and aflatoxin production was not controlled. In the dry season of 1989 and in the rainy season of 1990, in-shell moist peanuts were sprayed with 5% SOP solution. The coverage of pods with the solution was efficient, allowing a uniform distribution of SOP solution on the pods. The results showed that only the 5.0% concentration of SOP solution utilized controlled the external fungal growth when a naked eye observation was made, however did not control aflatoxin production when applied to in-shell moist peanuts, probably due to the internal presence of Aspergillus flavus and because the fungicide could not penetrate inside to reach the kernels.

Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin Production on Apiarian Substrates

1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
Jo Ann L Hilldrup ◽  
Thomas Eadie ◽  
Gerald C Llewellyn
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Brood Comb

Abstract Unprocessed honey, Lilium longiflorium pollen, brood comb, whole larvae, and whole bees were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251, A. flavus ATCC 15548, and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999. The fungi grew, sporulated, and produced various amounts of aflatoxin on all substrates except the unprocessed honey. The largest quantity of aflatoxin B1 was produced on whole larvae supporting A. flavus NRRL 3251 growth. A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 growing on whole larvae produced the most aflatoxin G1. Aflatoxins B2 and G2 were seldom detected. Apiarian substrates with the exception of honey seem capable of supporting fungal growth and resultant aflatoxin production.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Aflatoxin Production by Paraquat and External Superoxide Dismutase in Aspergillus flavus

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Furukawa ◽  
Shohei Sakuda
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Ic50 Value

Aflatoxin contamination of crops is a worldwide problem, and elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of aflatoxin production, for example relative to the oxidative–antioxidative system, is needed. Studies have shown that oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species promotes aflatoxin production. However, superoxide has been suggested to have the opposite effect. Here, we investigated the effects of the superoxide generator, paraquat, and externally added superoxide dismutase (SOD) on aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus. Paraquat with an IC50 value of 54.9 µM inhibited aflatoxin production without affecting fungal growth. It increased cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide levels and downregulated the transcription of aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster genes, including aflR, a key regulatory protein. The addition of bovine Cu/ZnSOD to the culture medium suppressed the paraquat-induced increase in superoxide levels, but it did not fully restore paraquat-inhibited aflatoxin production because bovine Cu/ZnSOD with an IC50 value of 17.9 µg/mL itself inhibited aflatoxin production. Externally added bovine Cu/ZnSOD increased the SOD activity in fungal cell extracts and upregulated the transcription of genes encoding Cu/ZnSOD and alcohol dehydrogenase. These results suggest that intracellular accumulation of superoxide impairs aflatoxin production by downregulating aflR expression, and that externally added Cu/ZnSOD also suppresses aflatoxin production by a mechanism other than canonical superoxide elimination activity.

scholarly journals A Corn Trypsin Inhibitor with Antifungal Activity Inhibits Aspergillus flavus α-Amylase

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 902-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.-Y. Chen ◽  
R. L. Brown ◽  
J. S. Russin ◽  
A. R. Lax ◽  
T. E. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Starch Metabolism ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Corn Trypsin Inhibitor

In this study, we found that the inhibition of fungal growth in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium by the 14-kDa corn trypsin inhibitor (TI) protein, previously found to be associated with host resistance to aflatoxin production and active against various fungi, was relieved when exogenous α-amylase was added along with TI. No inhibitory effect of TI on fungal growth was observed when Aspergillus flavus was grown on a medium containing either 5% glucose or 1% gelatin as a carbon source. Further investigation found that TI not only inhibited fungal production of extracellular α-amylase when A. flavus was grown in PDB medium containing TI at 100 μg ml-1 but also reduced the enzymatic activity of A. flavus α-amylase by 27%. At a higher concentration, however, TI stimulated the production of α-amylase. The effect of TI on the production of amyloglucosidase, another enzyme involved in starch metabolism by the fungus, was quite different. It stimulated the production of this enzyme during the first 10 h at all concentrations studied. These studies suggest that the resistance of certain corn genotypes to A. flavus infection may be partially due to the ability of TI to reduce the production of extracellular fungal α-amylase and its activity, thereby limiting the availability of simple sugars for fungal growth. However, further investigation of the relationship between TI levels and fungal α-amylase expression in vivo is needed.

scholarly journals Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of 1,8-Cineole and t-Cinnamaldehyde on Aspergillus flavus

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeong-Mi Kim ◽  
Hyunwoo Kwon ◽  
Kyeongsoon Kim ◽  
Sung-Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Aflatoxin B2

Aspergillus flavus and A. parsiticus produce aflatoxins that are highly toxic to mammals and birds. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 1,8-cineole and t-cinnamaldehyde were examined on the growth of Aspergillus flavus ATCC 22546 and aflatoxin production. 1,8-Cineole showed 50% inhibition of fungal growth at a concentration of 250 ppm, while t-cinnamaldehyde almost completely inhibited fungal growth at a concentration of 50 ppm. Furthermore, no fungal growth was observed when the growth medium was treated with 100 ppm t-cinnamaldehyde. 1,8-Cineole also exhibited 50% inhibition on the production of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2 at a concentration of 100 ppm, while the addition of 100 ppm t-cinnamaldehyde completely inhibited aflatoxin production. These antiaflatoxigenic activities were related to a dramatic downregulation of the expression of aflE and aflL by 1,8-cineole, but the mode of action for t-cinnamaldehyde was unclear. Collectively, our results suggest that both of the compounds are promising alternatives to the currently used disinfectant, propionic acid, for food and feedstuff preservation.

scholarly journals Screening of Lemon Balm Extracts for Anti-Aflatoxigenic, Antioxidant and Other Biological Activities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstathia Skotti ◽  
Nefeli Sophia Sotiropoulou ◽  
Iliada Lappa ◽  
Maria Kaiafa ◽  
Dimitrios Tsitsigiannis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Lemon Balm

Lemon balm extracts by dry plant material of Melissa officinalis were tested against their efficacy against for different fungal species Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus and Beauveria bassiana. The aqueous phase of the extract was evaluated for antioxidant, antifungal and also anti-aflatoxigenic activity. A synergism evaluation was also performed concerning, the small quantity of lemon balm polar essential oil compounds extracted into the infusion and the water soluble compounds in the extract. The experiments were conducted in solid cultures and the growth inhibition was demonstrated by measuring mycelial diameter. Additionally, the effect on conidia production was also demonstrated. Lemon balm was also used for in situ test on Pistachia vera seed against Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production. Results revealed enhancement of fungal growth by lemon balm extracts however total inhibition of aflatoxins production on Pistachia vera seeds was observed, and both actions were tried to attributed to volatile and water soluble compounds identified based on GC/MS, HPLC/DAD and LC/MS, and the observed antioxidant activity. Volatile and water - soluble compounds found to be in absolute synergism in mycelium growth enhancement and the observed anti-aflatoxigenic activity addressed to the high antioxidant activity observed and synergistic action between the other water soluble phenolic compounds identified in the extract. The findings of this study underline the high biological active potential of lemon balm extracts under various screening test since for the first time full phytochemical analysis of lemon balm extracts.

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