Striking difference in response to expanding brood parasites by birds in western and eastern Beringia

Eksegesa John 1 : 1-18 shows that the Jehovah's Witness teachings deviate from the truth of the Bible and dangerous for Christians . The danger Christology of Jehovah's Witnesses should be bringing us to the prudence and discretion to reject it . It can be said that Jehovah's Witnesses do not include Christianity in accordance with the search results against their teachings . first ; they do not recognize the Bible that has been issued by the Indonesian National Bible Institute and consider if the Bible has too much harm to use their own New Translation of the Holy Scriptures that have been proven not a translation , but just a collection of interpretations and teachings of their leader alone . second ; Jehovah's Witnesses do not acknowledge Jesus as Lord and Savior only . They simply believe that salvation is obtained through belief in Jehovah and his kingdom and perform service message and follow the trial associations . Before errors interfere Christology Christology of Jehovah's Witnesses Bible , please note that the topic of Christology is the difference between Christianity and other religions . This discussion has also become one of the topics that face many attacks from the outside or from within Christianity , either in the form of religion , philosophy , and ideology . The debate on this topic appeared since the beginning of Christianity , and give rise to a long and complex debate for nearly three centuries ( 300 years ) !! . Such debates will continue to exist throughout the period and just a rehash issues that had once appeared . And Christians should study the various debates and views of the ever emerging that are not easily fooled by the views back to this era .Eksegesa John 1 : 1-18 has been done and produce a biblical Christology and biblical correct . The truth is not in doubt because of the analysis conducted in accordance with the procedures and rules that apply in general . Now if Christology Christology of John compared with Jehovah's Witnesses, it will show a striking difference . Once observed , Christology Witnesses builds upon the interpretation of individuals who previously have had a negative Christological doctrine . Conclusion those who think that Jesus is the firstborn of Creation ; Jesus was a human being ; Jesus is God in creating a peer ; Jesus lower than God , Jesus is the Angel Gabriel , and other Christological doctrine which basically degrading nature of Christ is a form of insult to the majesty of Christ . The Bible clearly and emphatically teaches that Christ is God incarnate , private alpha and omega , the creator of all that exists , and the equivalent of God the Father . Summing Christ as superior human or clear eldest creation is false teachings . The followers of Jehovah's Witnesses must repent. Amen

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Adjustment of egg laying by both hosts and intraspecific brood parasites in a beetle

Ethology ◽

10.1111/eth.13209 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jon Richardson ◽

Sarah Dobson ◽

Lucy E. Ford ◽

Per T. Smiseth

Keyword(s):

Egg Laying ◽

Brood Parasites

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Deutsch als schwächere Sprache bei deutsch-polnisch bilingualen Kindern: Studie zur Negation- und Verbstellung

Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik ◽

10.1515/zgl-2020-2003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 269-297

Author(s):

Aldona Sopata ◽

Kamil Długosz

Keyword(s):

Second Language Acquisition ◽

Language Development ◽

Language Use ◽

The Other ◽

Bilingual Children ◽

Striking Difference ◽

Final Position ◽

Development Characteristic ◽

Processing Mechanisms ◽

Constrained Input

AbstractThis article examines the acquisition of German as the weaker language in the cases of German-Polish bilingual children. Focusing on negation and verb position, phenomena that have frequently been taken as diagnostic when distinguishing between the course of language development characteristic for first (L1) and second language acquisition (L2), we analyse experimental and productive data from six simultaneously bilingual children. Due to the constrained input, German is their weaker language. The results in Forced Choice and Grammaticality Judgements tasks are compared with the results of monolingual children. We show that in the area of negation the acquisition of German as the weaker language resembles L1, and in the area of inversion and verb final position the development of the weaker language is delayed. The striking difference between bilinguals’ results in the experimental vs. productive tasks points to specific processing mechanisms in bilingual language use. In narrative contexts of the production tasks the language of the performance is activated, while the other is inhibited, which leads to a target-like performance. Structural properties of the stronger language tend to be activated, however, in the experimental tasks involving the weaker language, resulting in non-target-like responses.

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Host density predicts the probability of parasitism by avian brood parasites

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2018.0204 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 374 (1769) ◽

pp. 20180204 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Iliana Medina ◽

Naomi E. Langmore

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Host Species ◽

Field Data ◽

Host Density ◽

Brood Parasites ◽

Parasitism Rates ◽

Analyse Data ◽

First Time ◽

Determining Factor

The spatial distribution of hosts can be a determining factor in the reproductive success of parasites. Highly aggregated hosts may offer more opportunities for reproduction but can have better defences than isolated hosts. Here we connect macro- and micro-evolutionary processes to understand the link between host density and parasitism, using avian brood parasites as a model system. We analyse data across more than 200 host species using phylogenetic comparative analyses and quantify parasitism rate and host reproductive success in relation to spatial distribution using field data collected on one host species over 6 years. Our comparative analysis reveals that hosts occurring at intermediate densities are more likely to be parasitized than colonial or widely dispersed hosts. Correspondingly, our intraspecific field data show that individuals living at moderate densities experience higher parasitism rates than individuals at either low or high densities. Moreover, we show for the first time that the effect of host density on host reproductive success varies according to the intensity of parasitism; hosts have greater reproductive success when living at high densities if parasitism rates are high, but fare better at low densities when parasitism rates are low. We provide the first evidence of the trade-off between host density and parasitism at both macro- and micro-evolutionary scales in brood parasites. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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l-mandelate dehydrogenase from Rhodotorula graminis: comparisons with the l-lactate dehydrogenase (flavocytochrome b2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2900103 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 290 (1) ◽

pp. 103-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

O Smékal ◽

M Yasin ◽

C A Fewson ◽

G A Reid ◽

S K Chapman

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽

Isotope Effect ◽

Kinetic Isotope Effect ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Striking Difference ◽

Kinetic Properties ◽

Proton Abstraction ◽

Rate Determining Step ◽

Kinetic Isotope

L-Lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and L-mandelate dehydrogenase (L-MDH) from Rhodotorula graminis are both flavocytochromes b2. The kinetic properties of these enzymes have been compared using steady-state kinetic methods. The most striking difference between the two enzymes is found by comparing their substrate specificities. L-LDH and L-MDH have mutually exclusive primary substrates, i.e. the substrate for one enzyme is a potent competitive inhibitor for the other. Molecular-modelling studies on the known three-dimensional structure of S. cerevisiae L-LDH suggest that this enzyme is unable to catalyse the oxidation of L-mandelate because productive binding is impeded by steric interference, particularly between the side chain of Leu-230 and the phenyl ring of mandelate. Another major difference between L-LDH and L-MDH lies in the rate-determining step. For S. cerevisiae L-LDH, the major rate-determining step is proton abstraction at C-2 of lactate, as previously shown by the 2H kinetic-isotope effect. However, in R. graminis L-MDH the kinetic-isotope effect seen with DL-[2-2H]mandelate is only 1.1 +/- 0.1, clearly showing that proton abstraction at C-2 of mandelate is not rate-limiting. The fact that the rate-determining step is different indicates that the transition states in each of these enzymes must also be different.

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Infection of American smelt in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie with the microsporidian parasite Glugea hertwigi (Weissenberg)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z72-159 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (9) ◽

pp. 1183-1188 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. Chen ◽

G. Power

Keyword(s):

Digestive Tract ◽

Lake Erie ◽

Ovarian Tissue ◽

Lake Ontario ◽

Parasite Load ◽

Sexual Differences ◽

Striking Difference ◽

Female Fish ◽

Microsporidian Parasite ◽

Male Fish

In samples taken monthly throughout the year the percentage of American smelt in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie containing cysts of Glugea hertwigi was 5.2% and 62.7% respectively. Sexual differences in incidence were observed, the significance of which was uncertain as results from the two lakes were contradictory.In male fish infection was almost entirely restricted to the digestive tract with few cysts in the liver, skin, and testes. In female fish the digestive tract and ovaries were similarly infected.Seasonal fluctuations in Glugea infection were obvious and seemed correlated with the gonadal cycle. In both sexes the highest parasite load corresponded with the onset of maturation.A striking difference in fecundity between the two smelt populations was attributed to the Glugea infection. In females parasite cysts replaced ovarian tissue, causing a reduction in the number of maturing eggs.

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STUDIES ON MICROPEROXISOMES II. A CYTOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/20.12.1006 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 1006-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 144

Author(s):

ALEX B. NOVIKOFF ◽

PHYLLIS M. NOVIKOFF ◽

CLEVELAND DAVIS ◽

NELSON QUINTANA

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Guinea Pig ◽

Lipid Droplets ◽

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Distal Tubule ◽

Striking Difference ◽

High Concentration ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Pig Kidney

A modification of the Novikoff-Goldfischer alkaline 3,3'-diaminobenzidine medium for visualizing peroxisomes is described. It makes possible light microscopic as well as electron microscopic studies of a recently described class of peroxisomes, the microperoxisomes. Potassium cyanide (5 x 10–3 M) is included in the medium to inhibit mitochondrial staining, the pH is 9.7 and there is a high concentration of H2O2 (0.05%). Two cell types have been chosen to illustrate the advantages of the new procedure for demonstrating the microperoxisomes: the absorptive cells in the human jejunum and the distal tubule cells in the guinea pig kidney. Suggestive relations of microperoxisomes and lipid are described in the human jejunum. The microperoxisomes are strategically located between smooth endoplasmic reticulum that radiates toward the organelles and contains lipid droplets and "central domains" of highly specialized endoplasmic reticulum which do not show the lipid droplets. The microperoxisomes are also present at the periphery of large lipid-like drops. In the guinea pig kidney tubule there is a striking difference between the thick limb of Henle and distal tubule. The distal tubule has a population of cells with large numbers of microperoxisomes readily visible by light microscopy; these cells are not present in the thick limb of Henle. Other differences between the two are also described.

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On the observation of sun and stars made in some British stone circles

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character ◽

10.1098/rspa.1908.0026 ◽

1908 ◽

Vol 80 (538) ◽

pp. 285-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Special Class ◽

Royal Society ◽

Striking Difference ◽

Stone Monuments ◽

Made In

In previous communications to the Royal Society, I have shown that if we consider the sun’s declination at the quarter-days of the May year and at the solstices, and also the changes due to precession in the places of five or six of the more conspicuous stars visible, at any epoch, in these latitudes we are able to account for the alignments investigated in the stone monuments in Cornwall and Devon. The present paper deals with a special class of circles in Aberdeenshire in which the method of indicating alignments shows a striking difference. The Cornish method was that still set out in the instructions for the erection of the Gorsedd circle of the Welsh Eisteddfod, the sighting, or directing, stones were placed some distance outside the circle. In Aberdeenshire the method employed was to place a long, recumbent stone generally between two of the upright stones of the circle itself and to obtain the direction of the rising sun or star by sighting across the circle at right angles to the length of the recumbent stone.

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RpoS-Dependent Stress Response and Exoenzyme Production in Vibrio vulnificus

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.69.10.6114-6120.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

pp. 6114-6120 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

A. Hülsmann ◽

T. M. Rosche ◽

I.-S. Kong ◽

H. M. Hassan ◽

D. M. Beam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Stress Response ◽

Mutant Strain ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Vibrio Vulnificus ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Striking Difference ◽

Wild Type ◽

Hydrolytic Activities ◽

In The Wild

ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium capable of causing rapidly fatal infections through both ingestion and wound infection. Like other opportunistic pathogens, V. vulnificus must adapt to potentially stressful environmental changes while living freely in seawater, upon colonization of the oyster gut, and upon infection of such diverse hosts as humans and eels. In order to begin to understand the ability of V. vulnificus to respond to such stresses, we examined the role of the alternate sigma factor RpoS, which is important in stress response and virulence in many pathogens. An rpoS mutant of V. vulnificus strain C7184o was constructed by homologous recombination. The mutant strain exhibited a decreased ability to survive diverse environmental stresses, including exposure to hydrogen peroxide, hyperosmolarity, and acidic conditions. The most striking difference was a high sensitivity of the mutant to hydrogen peroxide. Albuminase, caseinase, and elastase activity were detected in the wild type but not in the mutant strain, and an additional two hydrolytic activities (collagenase and gelatinase) were reduced in the mutant strain compared to the wild type. Additionally, the motility of the rpoS mutant was severely diminished. Overall, these studies suggest that rpoS in V. vulnificus is important for adaptation to environmental changes and may have a role in virulence.

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Can land degradation drive differences in the C exchange of two similar semiarid ecosystems?

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-15-263-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 263-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ana López-Ballesteros ◽

Cecilio Oyonarte ◽

Andrew S. Kowalski ◽

Penélope Serrano-Ortiz ◽

Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vadose Zone ◽

Land Degradation ◽

Ecosystem Respiration ◽

Gross Primary Production ◽

Co2 Flux ◽

C Sequestration ◽

Co2 Exchange ◽

Striking Difference ◽

Soil Variables ◽

Natural Site

Abstract. Currently, drylands occupy more than one-third of the global terrestrial surface and are recognized as areas vulnerable to land degradation. The concept of land degradation stems from the loss of an ecosystem's biological productivity due to long-term loss of natural vegetation or depletion of soil nutrients. Drylands' key role in the global carbon (C) balance has been recently demonstrated, but the effects of land degradation on C sequestration by these ecosystems still need to be investigated. In the present study, we compared net C and water vapor fluxes, together with satellite, meteorological and vadose zone (CO2, water content and temperature) measurements, between two nearby (∼ 23 km) experimental sites representing “natural” (i.e., site of reference) and “degraded” grazed semiarid grasslands. We utilized data acquired over 6 years from two eddy covariance stations located in southeastern Spain with highly variable precipitation magnitude and distribution. Results show a striking difference in the annual C balances with an average net CO2 exchange of 196 ± 40 (C release) and −23 ± 2 g C m−2 yr−1 (C fixation) for the degraded and natural sites, respectively. At the seasonal scale, differing patterns in net CO2 fluxes were detected over both growing and dry seasons. As expected, during the growing seasons, greater net C uptake over longer periods was observed at the natural site. However, a much greater net C release, probably derived from subterranean ventilation, was measured at the degraded site during drought periods. After subtracting the nonbiological CO2 flux from net CO2 exchange, flux partitioning results point out that, during the 6 years of study, gross primary production, ecosystem respiration and water use efficiency were, on average, 9, 2 and 10 times higher, respectively, at the natural site versus the degraded site. We also tested differences in all monitored meteorological and soil variables and CO2 at 1.50 m belowground was the variable showing the greatest intersite difference, with ∼ 1000 ppm higher at the degraded site. Thus, we believe that subterranean ventilation of this vadose zone CO2, previously observed at both sites, partly drives the differences in C dynamics between them, especially during the dry season. It may be due to enhanced subsoil–atmosphere interconnectivity at the degraded site.

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