Held to a different standard: Racial differences in the impact of lateness on advancement opportunity

The findings of this study outline the racial differences in stop and frisk decisions by Illinois officers in consent searches and those based upon reasonable suspicion within the context of the elements of focal concerns theory. The analysis for this study was performed using propensity score matching (PSM) and allowed the researchers to create a quasi-experimental design to examine the race of the citizen and police decision making. According to our analysis of official Illinois law enforcement data, Black citizens, particularly males, were less likely to give their consent to a stop and frisk search. Black male citizens were also more likely to be stopped and searched due to an assessment of reasonable suspicion by the officer. Elements of focal concerns theory were also factors in pedestrian stops under conditions of consent and reasonable suspicion. Citizens judged as blameworthy were more likely to be stopped and frisked under conditions of consent and reasonable suspicion. The effect of a verbal threat and the officer’s prior knowledge about the citizen had even more significant impacts.

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Racial Differences in the Impact of Subjective Life Expectancy on Advance Care Planning

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3325 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 903-903

Author(s):

Yifan Lou ◽

Deborah Carr

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Advance Care Planning ◽

Living Will ◽

Care Planning ◽

Power Of Attorney ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Advance Care ◽

Survival Expectations ◽

The Impact

Abstract The need for advance care planning (ACP) is heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for older Blacks and Latinx persons who are at a disproportionate risk of death from both infectious and chronic disease. A potentially important yet underexplored explanation for well-documented racial disparities in ACP is subjective life expectancy (SLE), which may impel or impede ACP. Using Health and Retirement Study data (n=7484), we examined the extent to which perceived chances of living another 10 years (100, 51-99, 50, 1-49, or 0 percent) predict three aspects of ACP (living will (LW), durable power of attorney for health care designations (DPAHC), and discussions). We use logistic regression models to predict the odds of each ACP behavior, adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and depressive symptoms. We found modest evidence that SLE predicts ACP behaviors. Persons who are 100% certain they will be alive in ten years are less likely (OR = .68 and .71, respectively) whereas those with pessimistic survival prospects are more likely (OR = 1.23 and 1.15, respectively) to have a LW and a DPAHC, relative to those with modest perceived survival. However, upon closer inspection, these patterns hold only for those whose LW specify aggressive measures versus no LW. We found no race differences for formal aspects of planning (LW, DPAHC) although we did detect differences for informal discussions. Blacks with pessimistic survival expectations are more likely to have discussions, whereas Latinos are less likely relative to whites. We discuss implications for policies and practices to increase ACP rates.

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SHIFTING POWER

Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race ◽

10.1017/s1742058x18000206 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (02) ◽

pp. 417-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brianna Remster ◽

Rory Kramer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African American ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Mass Incarceration ◽

Racial Inequalities ◽

Rural Districts ◽

Contemporary United States ◽

The Impact ◽

Legislative Districts

AbstractWhile prisoners cannot vote, they are counted as residents of the often rural legislative districts where they are incarcerated rather than their home districts. We examine the extent to which incarceration shifts the balance of a representative democracy by considering its impact on legislative apportionment. Drawing on data from the Census, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, and Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission, we develop a counterfactual framework to examine whether removing and returning prisoners to their home districts affects equal representation. Because prisoners are disproportionately African American, we also employ this counterfactual to assess racial differences in the impact of prison gerrymandering. Findings indicate that incarceration shifts political power from urban districts to suburban and rural districts through legislative apportionment. Moreover, non-White communities suffer the most. We conclude by considering how our findings fit a growing literature on the role of mass incarceration in [re]producing racial inequalities in the contemporary United States.

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The impact of standard postoperative opioid prescribing guidelines on racial differences in opioid prescribing: A retrospective review

Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.surg.2020.12.034 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua N. Herb ◽

Brittney M. Williams ◽

Kevin A. Chen ◽

Jessica C. Young ◽

Brooke A. Chidgey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Retrospective Review ◽

Opioid Prescribing ◽

The Impact

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Abstract MP35: The American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 and Mortality by Race and Sex in the U.S.: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Cohort

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.mp35 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Mary Cushman ◽

Suzanne E Judd ◽

Virginia J Howard ◽

Neil A Zakai ◽

Brett Kissela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Population Sample ◽

White Men ◽

The United States ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Life’S Simple 7 ◽

Life's Simple 7 ◽

The Impact

Background: The Life’s Simple 7 (LSS) metric is being used by AHA to track the cardiovascular health of the United States population and move toward a 2020 impact goal for improvement. Levels of LSS are associated with mortality risk but there are limited data on whether this association differs by race or sex. Hypothesis: There will be sex and race differences in the association of LSS with mortality in the REGARDS cohort study. Methods: We studied 29,692 REGARDS participants; a population sample of black and white men and women aged 45-98 from across the US, enrolled in 2003-7. Extensive baseline risk factor data were measured in participants’ homes. The 7 LSS components (blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, body-mass index, smoking, physical activity, diet) were each scored in AHA-defined categories of poor (0 points), intermediate (1 point) and ideal (2 points), and were summed to yield scores ranging from poor for all (0) to ideal for all (14). With 6.4 years follow up there were 3709 deaths. Results: The LSS score was normally distributed with mean (SD) of 7.9 (2.0) in whites and 6.9 (2.0) in blacks. The age, region, income and education adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of death for a 1-unit worse LSS score, stratified by race and sex, are shown in the table. Race and sex interactions were tested individually in separate models. While better scores for LSS were strongly associated with lower mortality, associations differed by race and sex, being weaker in blacks than whites and in men than women. Conclusion: There were large associations of LSS with mortality risk in the REGARDS national sample; 1 point difference in score, corresponding to movement from poor to intermediate or intermediate to ideal for 1 of the 7 factors, was associated with a 16% lower risk of death in white women, 14% lower risk in white men or black women, but only an 11% lower risk in black men. Observed differences in the association of LSS with mortality by race and sex should be considered in efforts to gauge the impact of LSS interventions on health disparities.

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Abstract P181: Contribution of C-Reactive Protein to Racial Disparities in Incident Hypertension: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS)

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p181 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Timothy B Plante ◽

D L Long ◽

George Howard ◽

April P Carson ◽

Virginia J Howard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Medication Use ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Incident Hypertension ◽

Black And White ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Stroke Study ◽

Diet Pattern ◽

The Impact

Introduction: In the US, blacks are at higher risk of hypertension than whites. The single largest contributor to this disparity is the Southern Diet pattern. Inflammation biomarkers are associated with risk of hypertension, and C-reactive protein (CRP) is higher in blacks than whites. We studied whether elevated CRP in blacks relative to whites contributes to the racial disparity in hypertension in blacks. Methods: We included 6,548 black and white men and women age ≥45 years from the REGARDS cohort without hypertension at baseline ('03-'07) and who completed visit 2 in '13-'16. Incident hypertension was defined as BP ≥140/90 mm Hg or hypertension medication use at visit 2. Using logistic regression, the black:white odds ratio (OR) for incident hypertension was calculated adjusting for age, sex, race, and baseline SBP. We assessed the percent change in the black:white OR for incident hypertension after adding CRP. The 95% CI was calculated using 1,000 bootstrapped samples. We determined the impact of known hypertension risk factors and anti-inflammatory medications on the percent mediation by CRP. Results: Hypertension developed in 46% of blacks and 33% of whites. Adjusting for demographics, the black:white OR (95% CI) was 1.51, which was reduced to 1.46, a 9.3% reduction (95% CI 5.4%, 13.2%) by CRP (Table). In models including exercise, waist circumference, BMI, and depressive symptoms, the percent mediation by CRP was 3.7% (1.0%, 6.4%). Similar patterns were seen for models incorporating socioeconomic factors and medication use. After adding Southern diet pattern and dietary Na/K ratio, CRP no longer attenuated the association (1.3% mediation; -1.5, 4.1). Conclusions: CRP significantly attenuated the black-white difference in incident hypertension; however, once dietary factors were accounted for, CRP had no impact on the black:white difference in incident hypertension. Thus, inflammation as measured by CRP, may be part of the reason that dietary factors influence the black:white disparity in incident hypertension.

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Israeli Arabs develop diverticulitis at a younger age and are more likely to require surgery than Jews

ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/s0102-67202015000200004 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 102-104

Author(s):

Itai GHERSIN ◽

Nadav SLIJPER ◽

Gideon SROKA ◽

Ibrahim MATTER

Keyword(s):

Surgical Treatment ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Acute Diverticulitis ◽

First Episode ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Younger Age ◽

Israeli Arabs ◽

The Impact

BACKGROUND: Only few studies have examined the impact of racial differences on the age of onset, course and outcomes of diverticulitis. AIM: To provide data about the epidemiology of diverticulitis in northern Israel, and to determine whether ethnicity is a predictor of age of onset, complications, and need for surgery. METHODS: Was conducted a retrospective review of the charts of all patients diagnosed with a first episode of diverticulitis in our hospital between 2005 and 2012. RESULTS: Were found 638 patients with a first episode of acute diverticulitis in the eight year interval. Israeli Arabs developed a first episode of diverticulitis at a younger age compared to Jews (51.2 vs 63.8 years, p<0.01). Arabs living in rural areas developed diverticulitis at a younger age than Arabs living in urban centers (49.4 vs 54.5 years, P=0.03). Jewish and Arabic men developed diverticulitis at younger age compared to their female counterparts (59.9 vs 66.09, p<0.01, and 47.31 vs 56.93, p<0.01, respectively). Arabs were more likely [odds ratio (OR)=1.81 ,95% confidence interval (CI)1.12-2.90, p=0.017] than Jews to require surgical treatment (urgent or elective) for diverticulitis. CONCLUSIONS: Israeli Arabs tend to develop diverticulitis at a younger age and are more likely to require surgical treatment for diverticulitis compared to Jews. Arabs living in rural areas develop diverticulitis at a younger age than Arabs living in urban centers. These findings highlight a need to address the root cause for ethnic differences in onset, course and outcome of acute diverticulitis.

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Mustard Gas and American Race-Based Human Experimentation in World War II

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.299.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 517-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Susan L. Smith

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Cultural Beliefs ◽

The United States ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Human Experimentation ◽

United States Government ◽

Mustard Gas ◽

World War ◽

The Impact

During World War II, scientists funded by the United States government conducted mustard gas experiments on 60,000 American soldiers as part of military preparation for potential chemical warfare. One aspect of the chemical warfare research program on mustard gas involved race-based human experimentation. In at least nine research projects conducted during the 1940s, scientists investigated how so-called racial differences affected the impact of mustard gas exposure on the bodies of soldiers. Building on cultural beliefs about “race,” these studies occurred on military bases and universities, which became places for racialized human experimentation.

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Congenital Micropenis: Aetiology And Management

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvab172 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marianna Rita Stancampiano ◽

Kentaro Suzuki ◽

Stuart O’Toole ◽

Gianni Russo ◽

Gen Yamada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Small Sample ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

Penile Length ◽

Appearance Quality ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

Abstract In the newborn, penile length is determined by a number of androgen dependent and independent factors. The current literature suggests that there are inter-racial differences in stretched penile length in the newborn and although congenital micropenis should be defined as a stretched penile length of less than 2.5SDS of the mean for the corresponding population and gestation, a pragmatic approach would be to evaluate all boys with a stretched penile length below 2 cm, as congenital micropenis can be a marker for a wide range of endocrine conditions. However, it remains unclear as to whether the state of micropenis, itself, is associated with any long-term consequences. There is a lack of systematic studies comparing the impact of different therapeutic options on long-term outcomes, in terms of genital appearance, quality of life and sexual satisfaction. To date, research has been hampered by a small sample size and inclusion of a wide range of heterogeneous diagnoses; for these reasons, condition specific outcomes have been difficult to compare between studies. Lastly, there is a need for a greater collaborative effort in collecting standardized data so that all real-world or experimental interventions performed at an early age can be studied systematically into adulthood.

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Abstract WP445: Age Differences in the Impact of Sleep Apnea on Cognition and Quality of Life

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.awp445 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kristin J Addison-Brown ◽

Abraham J Letter ◽

Henry K Yaggi ◽

Leslie A McClure ◽

Frederick W Unverzagt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Sleep Apnea ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

High Risk ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Short Form ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Using a subsample from the national REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, we examined the associations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with cognition and quality of life and whether these associations vary with age while controlling for other demographic factors and comorbid medical conditions. Methods: Stroke-free participants with complete data on OSA risk, cognition, and quality of life as of October 2010 were included (N =2,925; ages 47-93, 43% men, 35% black, 65% white). OSA risk was defined as high or low based on responses to the Berlin Sleep Questionnaire (BSQ). Cognitive function was assessed with three validated fluency and recall measures; quality of life was assessed with the 4-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CESD-4) scale and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-12 (SF-12). MANCOVA statistics were applied to the cognitive and quality of life outcomes separately while accounting for potential confounders (age, sex, race, education, diabetes and dyslipidemia). Body mass index and hypertension were taken into account as part of the BSQ definition of OSA risk. Results: In fully adjusted models, those at high risk for OSA had significantly lower cognitive scores (p < .05) and lower quality of life (depressive symptoms and SF-12) (p < .0001) than those at low risk. Some of the associations were age-dependent, such that younger participants with high OSA risk had worse cognitive and quality of life scores than both younger participants with low OSA risk and older participants with high OSA risk. Discussion: Lower cognitive function and lower quality of life in those at high risk for sleep apnea remained after accounting for potentially confounding factors in a population-based sample. These relationships were more pronounced during middle age, with attenuated effects after age 70. It may be of particular importance to detect and treat OSA in younger adults.

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