scholarly journals Plant hemoglobins: a journey from unicellular green algae to vascular plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 227 (6) ◽  
pp. 1618-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Becana ◽  
Inmaculada Yruela ◽  
Gautam Sarath ◽  
Pilar Catalán ◽  
Mark S. Hargrove
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Plant Hemoglobins

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Pro-Vascular Cellular Morphology in Chaetophora Incressata

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
A. E. Hotchkiss ◽  
A. T. Hotchkiss ◽  
R. P. Apkarian
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Multicellular green algae may be an ancestral form of the vascular plants. These algae exhibit cell wall structure, chlorophyll pigmentation, and physiological processes similar to those of higher plants. The presence of a vascular system which provides water, minerals, and nutrients to remote tissues in higher plants was believed unnecessary for the algae. Among the green algae, the Chaetophorales are complex highly branched forms that might require some means of nutrient transport. The Chaetophorales do possess apical meristematic groups of cells that have growth orientations suggestive of stem and root positions. Branches of Chaetophora incressata were examined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for ultrastructural evidence of pro-vascular transport.

scholarly journals O-methylated N-glycans Distinguish Mosses from Vascular Plants

Biomolecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
David Stenitzer ◽  
Réka Mócsai ◽  
Harald Zechmeister ◽  
Ralf Reski ◽  
Eva L. Decker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Phylogenetic Relation ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
First Finding ◽  
The Common ◽  
Terminal Mannose

In the animal kingdom, a stunning variety of N-glycan structures have emerged with phylogenetic specificities of various kinds. In the plant kingdom, however, N-glycosylation appears to be strictly conservative and uniform. From mosses to all kinds of gymno- and angiosperms, land plants mainly express structures with the common pentasaccharide core substituted with xylose, core α1,3-fucose, maybe terminal GlcNAc residues and Lewis A determinants. In contrast, green algae biosynthesise unique and unusual N-glycan structures with uncommon monosaccharides, a plethora of different structures and various kinds of O-methylation. Mosses, a group of plants that are separated by at least 400 million years of evolution from vascular plants, have hitherto been seen as harbouring an N-glycosylation machinery identical to that of vascular plants. To challenge this view, we analysed the N-glycomes of several moss species using MALDI-TOF/TOF, PGC-MS/MS and GC-MS. While all species contained the plant-typical heptasaccharide with no, one or two terminal GlcNAc residues (MMXF, MGnXF and GnGnXF, respectively), many species exhibited MS signals with 14.02 Da increments as characteristic for O-methylation. Throughout all analysed moss N-glycans, the level of methylation differed strongly even within the same family. In some species, methylated glycans dominated, while others had no methylation at all. GC-MS revealed the main glycan from Funaria hygrometrica to contain 2,6-O-methylated terminal mannose. Some mosses additionally presented very large, likewise methylated complex-type N-glycans. This first finding of the methylation of N-glycans in land plants mirrors the presumable phylogenetic relation of mosses to green algae, where the O-methylation of mannose and many other monosaccharides is a common trait.

Source-dependent variations in organic carbon degradation rates in lake sediments 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingguo Han ◽  
Julie Tulo ◽  
Longhui Deng ◽  
Annika Fiskal ◽  
Carsten Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Eukaryotic Dna

<p>Lake sediments are globally important organic carbon (OC) sinks. Biomolecule chemical reactivity, adsorption and physical shielding have been suggested as important factors in controlling OC degradation rates in sediments. Yet, few studies have investigated the relative importance of these variables, or traced how OC from different organismal sources changes over time due to source-dependent variations in degradation rates.</p><p>We investigate the factors that control organic biomolecule degradation based on analyses of eukaryotic DNA, biomarkers, and (macro)molecule compositions (using pyrolysis-GC/MS) in sediments of five lakes in central Switzerland that differ in trophic state. We specifically target biomolecules of dominant phytoplankton groups (diatoms, green algae), and terrestrial vascular plants. We show that the decay rates of diatom DNA are significantly higher than those of diatom lipid biomarkers and (macro)molecules, consistent with the higher chemical reactivity of DNA. However, the decay rates of green algal DNA and vascular plant DNA are much slower than those of diatom DNA and similar in magnitude to their corresponding membrane lipids and (macro)molecules. In the case of vascular plant biomolecules (DNA, lignin, polyaromatic compounds), no significant biomolecule degradation was detected over the time scales studied (1-5 centuries).</p><p>Our results suggest that chemical reactivity and physical shielding, but not adsorption, are key variables controlling organic biomolecule decay in the lakes studied. In the case of green algae and vascular plants, greater chemical resistance of cell wall structural components to microbial attack appears to facilitate long-term preservation of even highly reactive, intramolecular compounds, such as DNA. These findings have important implications for the use of sedimentary eukaryotic DNA records to reconstruct past environmental changes.</p>

scholarly journals O-methylated N-glycans Distinguish Mosses from Vascular Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stenitzer ◽  
Réka Mócsai ◽  
Harald Zechmeister ◽  
Ralf Reski ◽  
Eva L. Decker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Phylogenetic Relation ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
First Finding ◽  
The Common ◽  
Terminal Mannose

In the animal kingdom, a stunning variety of N-glycan structures has emerged with phylogenetic specificities of various kinds. In the plant kingdom, however, N-glycosylation appears as strictly conservative and uniform. From mosses to all kinds of gymno- and angiosperms, land plants mainly express structures with the common pentasaccharide core substituted with xylose, core α1,3-fucose, maybe terminal GlcNAc residues and Lewis A determinants. In contrast, green algae biosynthesize unique and unusual N-glycan structures with uncommon monosaccharides, a plethora of different structures and various kinds of O-methylation. Mosses, a group of plants that are separated by at least 400 million years of evolution from vascular plants, were hitherto seen as harbouring an N-glycosylation machinery identical to that of vascular plants. To challenge this view, we have analysed the N-glycomes of several moss species using MALDI-TOF/TOF, PGC-MS/MS and GC-MS. While all species contained the plant-typical heptasaccharide with no, one or two terminal GlcNAc residues (MMXF, MGnXF and GnGnXF, respectively), many species exhibited MS signals with 14.02 Da increments as characteristic for O-methylation. Throughout all analysed moss N-glycans the level of methylation differed strongly even in the same family. In some species, methylated glycans dominated, while others had no methylation at all. GC-MS revealed the main glycan from Funaria hygrometrica to contain 2,6-O-methylated terminal mannose. Some mosses additionally presented very large, likewise methylated complex-type N-glycans. This first finding of methylation of N-glycans in land plants mirrors the presumable phylogenetic relation of mosses to green algae, where O-methylation of mannose and many other monosaccharides is a common trait.

scholarly journals Relationship of cyanobacterial and algal assemblages with vegetation in the high Arctic tundra (West Spitsbergen, Svalbard Archipelago)

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Richter ◽  
Mirosława Pietryka ◽  
Jan Matuła
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Research Area ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
The North ◽  
Algal Assemblages ◽  
West Spitsbergen ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractThe paper presents the results of a study of cyanobacteria and green algae assemblages occurring in various tundra types determined on the basis of mosses and vascular plants and habitat conditions. The research was carried out during summer in the years 2009-2013 on the north sea-coast of Hornsund fjord (West Spitsbergen, Svalbard Archipelago). 58 sites were studied in various tundra types differing in composition of vascular plants, mosses and in trophy and humidity. 141 cyanobacteria and green algae were noted in the research area in total. Cyanobacteria and green algae flora is a significant element of many tundra types and sometimes even dominate there. Despite its importance, it has not been hitherto taken into account in the description and classification of tundra. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the legitimacy of using phycoflora in supplementing the descriptions of hitherto described tundra and distinguishing new tundra types. Numeric hierarchical-accumulative classification (MVSP 3.1 software) methods were used to analyze the cyanobacterial and algal assemblages and their co-relations with particular tundra types. The analysis determined dominant and distinctive species in the communities in concordance with ecologically diverse types of tundra. The results show the importance of these organisms in the composition of the vegetation of tundra types and their role in the ecosystems of this part of the Arctic.

Differences between two green algae in biological availability of iron bound to strong chelators

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold G. Weger ◽  
Carlyn J. Matz ◽  
Rachel S. Magnus ◽  
Crystal N. Walker ◽  
Michael B. Fink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Desferrioxamine B ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Green Alga Chlorella ◽  
Strategy I

N,N′-di(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (HBED) is a very strong Fe3+ chelator. Strategy I vascular plants, which use a reductive system for iron acquisition, similar to many green algae, are able to access iron from HBED (R.L. Chaney. 1988. J. Plant Nutr. 11: 1033–1050). However, iron-limited cells of the Strategy I green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard were unable to access iron present as Fe3+–HBED. In contrast, Fe3+ chelated with hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA; a weaker chelator) was rapidly taken up by iron-limited Chlamydomonas cells. Chlamydomonas ferric reduction rates with Fe3+–HBED were approximately 15% of the rate observed with Fe3+–HEDTA, suggesting that low reduction rates with Fe3+–HBED might be one factor in the low rate of iron acquisition. By contrast, iron-limited cells of the Strategy I green alga Chlorella kessleri Fott et Nováková were able to rapidly assimilate Fe3+ chelated by HBED, although ferric reduction rates with Fe3+–HBED were approximately 38% the rate of activity with Fe3+–HEDTA. Similar differential iron uptake rates for the two algal species were obtained using the strong Fe3+ chelator (and siderophore analogue) desferrioxamine B mesylate and the cyanobacterial siderophore schizokinen. These results suggest that there are differences among Strategy I green algae in their abilities to acquire Fe3+ from various ferric chelates: not all Strategy I algae can equally access tightly complexed Fe3+. Chlamydomonas appears to be the first documented Strategy I organism that is unable to acquire iron from Fe3+–HBED. These results also suggest that green algal iron acquisition from siderophores is species dependent. Finally, we suggest that iron acquisition from Fe3+–HBED might serve as an assay for an organisms’ ability to access tightly complexed iron.

Freeze-Fracture Replication in the Ultrastructure of Blue-Green Algae

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
L. V. Leak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Photosynthetic Membranes ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Cellular Components

Electron microscopic observations of freeze-fracture replicas of Anabaena cells obtained by the procedures described by Bullivant and Ames (J. Cell Biol., 1966) indicate that the frozen cells are fractured in many different planes. This fracturing or cleaving along various planes allows one to gain a three dimensional relation of the cellular components as a result of such a manipulation. When replicas that are obtained by the freeze-fracture method are observed in the electron microscope, cross fractures of the cell wall and membranes that comprise the photosynthetic lamellae are apparent as demonstrated in Figures 1 & 2.A large portion of the Anabaena cell is composed of undulating layers of cytoplasm that are bounded by unit membranes that comprise the photosynthetic membranes. The adjoining layers of cytoplasm are closely apposed to each other to form the photosynthetic lamellae. Occassionally the adjacent layers of cytoplasm are separated by an interspace that may vary in widths of up to several 100 mu to form intralamellar vesicles.

A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
P.S.M. PHIRI ◽  
D.M. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.

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