Sex differences in regional adipose tissue depots pose different threats for the development of Type 2 diabetes in males and females

Aging usually comes associated with increased visceral fat accumulation, reaching even an obesity state, and favoring its associated comorbidities. One of the processes involved in aging is cellular senescence, which is highly dependent on the activity of the regulators of the cell cycle. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the expression of p27 and cdk2 in different adipose tissue depots during aging, as well as their regulation by obesity in mice. Changes in the expression of p27 and CDK2 in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) biopsies were also analyzed in a human cohort of obesity and type 2 diabetes. p27, but not cdk2, exhibits a lower expression in subcutaneous than in visceral WAT in mice and humans. p27 is drastically downregulated by aging in subcutaneous WAT (scWAT), but not in gonadal WAT, of female mice. Obesity upregulates p27 and cdk2 expression in scWAT, but not in other fat depots of aged mice. In humans, a significant upregulation of p27 was observed in visceral WAT of subjects with obesity. Taken together, these results show a differential adipose depot-dependent regulation of p27 and cdk2 in aging and obesity, suggesting that p27 and cdk2 could contribute to the adipose-tissue depot’s metabolic differences. Further studies are necessary to fully corroborate this hypothesis.

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Lipid metabolism during lactation: a review of adipose tissue-liver interactions and the development of fatty liver

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029905001299 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 460-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Richard G Vernon

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Negative Energy ◽

The Body ◽

Unesterified Fatty Acid ◽

Adipose Tissue Depots

Fatty acids are the major source of energy for most tissues during periods of negative energy balance; however, fatty acids can, in some circumstances, have pathological effects. Fatty acids are stored as triacylglycerols (TAG), mostly in the various adipose tissue depots of the body. However, if blood unesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels are elevated for prolonged periods, as may occur during lactation or obesity, TAG can accumulate in other tissues including liver and muscle cells (myocytes), and this can have pathological consequences such as the development of ketosis (Grummer, 1993; Drackley et al. 2001) or type 2 diabetes (Boden & Shulman, 2002; McGarry, 2002).

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Modulation of Vascular Function by Perivascular Adipose Tissue: Sex Differences

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200701211912 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (30) ◽

pp. 3768-3777 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jamaira A. Victorio ◽

Rafael M. da Costa ◽

Rita C. Tostes ◽

Ana P. Davel

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Vascular Dysfunction ◽

Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽

Vascular Abnormalities ◽

Vasoactive Factors ◽

Males And Females ◽

Local Modulation

In addition to the endothelium, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been described to be involved in the local modulation of vascular function by synthetizing and releasing vasoactive factors. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has anticontractile and anti-inflammatory effects. However, in the context of hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes, the PVAT pattern of anticontractile adipokines is altered, favoring oxidative stress, inflammation and, consequently, vascular dysfunction. Therefore, dysfunctional PVAT has become a target for therapeutic intervention in cardiometabolic diseases. An increasing number of studies have revealed sex differences in PVAT morphology and in the modulatory effects of PVAT on endothelial function and vascular tone. Moreover, distinct mechanisms underlying PVAT dysfunction may account for vascular abnormalities in males and females. Therefore, targeting sex-specific mechanisms of PVAT dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases is an evolving strategy for cardiovascular protection.

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Sex differences in the prevalence of obesity in 800,000 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-20-0547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 139-145

Author(s):

Fang Lv ◽

Xiaoling Cai ◽

Chu Lin ◽

Tianpei Hong ◽

Xiaomei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Sex Differences ◽

General Population ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Younger Age ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Males And Females

Aims To estimate the sex differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity aged 20–89 in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods 811,264 patients with T2D from six hospital-based, cross-sectional studies, and 46,053 subjects from the general population were included in our analysis. Prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity were calculated in each sex. Results In patients with T2D, the standardized prevalence of underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), overweight (24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2), and general obesity (BMI ≥28 kg/m2) were 2.2%, 43.2%, and 11.6%, respectively. Similar trend patterns of the prevalence of underweight and overweight were observed in general and T2D population, in males and females with T2D (all P for trend <0.01). In patients with T2D, patients at a younger age and older age were more likely to be underweight. The prevalence of overweight increased first, then stabilized or decreased with age. However, different trend patterns of the prevalence of obesity in males and females were found. In males, the prevalence of obesity decreased first, and then stabilized after 60 years of age. In females, the prevalence of obesity decreased first, then increased after 50 years of age. In the general population, the prevalence of obesity increased with age in females, while, the trend of prevalence of obesity with age in males was not obvious. Conclusion Different trends in the prevalence of obesity with age in different sex were found in Chinese patients with T2D.

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