Molecular mechanisms and hormonal regulation underpinning morphological dormancy: a case study using Apium graveolens (Apiaceae)

In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) is subject to regulation by dexamethasone, insulin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP). Dexamethasone increases GS-mRNA content and GS-gene transcription, whereas insulin and Bt2cAMP prevent these increases. The effects of these modulators on the control of GS-mRNA stability were investigated. We report here that GS mRNA has a half-life of about 110 min. Bt2cAMP increases GS-mRNA degradation by greater than 2-fold (half-life 50 min), whereas insulin or dexamethasone have little effect on GS-mRNA stability. Down-regulation of GS-gene expression by Bt2cAMP will involve a co-ordinate response at the level of gene transcription and mRNA stability. However, the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and dexamethasone regulate GS-gene expression in cultured adipocytes remains to be elucidated.

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Controlling The Root System Architecture In Rice: Impact of Genes, Phytohormones And Root Microbiota

10.21203/rs.3.rs-450716/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pankaj K Verma ◽

Shikha Verma ◽

Nalini Pandey

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

System Architecture ◽

Hormonal Regulation ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Root Systems ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

World Food Security ◽

The Impact ◽

Root Microbiota

Abstract BackgroundIn order to feed expanding population, new crop varieties were generated which significantly contribute to world food security. However, the growth of these improved plants varieties relied primarily on synthetic fertilizers, which negatively affect the environment as well as human health. Plants adapt to adverse environmental changes by adopting root systems through architectural changes at the root-type and tissue-specific changes and nutrient uptake efficiency. ScopePlants adapt and operate distinct pathways at various stages of development in order to optimally establish their root systems, such as change in the expression profile of genes, changes in phytohormone level and microbiome induced Root System Architecture (RSA) modification. Many scientific studies have been carried out to understand plant response to microbial colonization and how microbes involved in RSA improvement through phytohormone level and transcriptomic changes.ConclusionIn this review, we spotlight the impact of genes, phytohormones and root microbiota on RSA and provide specific, critical new insights that have been resulted from recent studies on rice root as a model. First, we discuss new insights into the genetic regulation of RSA. Next, hormonal regulation of root architecture and the impact of phytohormones in crown root and root branching is discussed. Finally, we discussed the impact of root microbiota in RSA modification and summarized the current knowledge about the biochemical and central molecular mechanisms involved.

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Molecular mechanisms for intestinal HCO3- secretion and its regulation by guanylin in seawater-acclimated eels

10.1101/580761 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yoshio Takei ◽

Marty K.S. Wong ◽

Masaaki Ando

Keyword(s):

Hormonal Regulation ◽

Time Course ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Apical Membrane ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Basolateral Membrane ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Disulfonic Acid ◽

Intestinal Epithelia ◽

Mucosal Side

AbstractThe intestine of marine teleosts secretes HCO3- into the lumen and precipitates Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the imbibed seawater as carbonates to decrease luminal fluid osmolality and facilitate water absorption. However, reports on studies on the hormonal regulation of HCO3- secretion are just emerging. Here, we showed that guanylin (GN) applied to the mucosal side of intestinal epithelia increased HCO3- secretion in seawater-acclimated eels. The effect of GN on HCO3- secretion was slower than that on the short-circuit current, and the time-course of the GN effect was similar to that of bumetanide. Mucosal bumetanide and serosal 4,4’-dinitrostilbene-2,2’-disulfonic acid (DNDS) inhibited the GN effect, suggesting an involvement of apical Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) and basolateral Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (AE)/Na+-HCO3- cotransporter (NBC) in the GN effect. However, mucosal DNDS and diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC) failed to inhibit the GN effect, showing that apical AE and Cl- channel are not involved. To identify molecular species of possible transporters involved in the GN effect, we performed RNA-seq analyses followed by quantitative real-time PCR after transfer of eels to seawater. Among the genes upregulated after seawater transfer, those of Slc26a3a, b (DRAa, b) and Slc26a6a, c (Pat-1a, c) on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelial cells, and those of Sls4a4a (NBCe1a), Slc4a7 (NBCn1), Slc4a10a (NBCn2a) and Slc26a1 (Sat-1) on the basolateral membrane were candidate transporters involved in HCO3- secretion. Judging from the slow effect of GN, we suggest that GN inhibits NKCC2b on the apical membrane and decreases cytosolic Cl- and Na+, which then activates apical DNDS-insensitive DRAa, b and basolateral DNDS-sensitive NBCela, n1, n2a to enhance transcellular HCO3- flux across the intestinal epithelia of seawater-acclimated eels.

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Rehabilitation of Patients with Severe Disability after coVID-19 in Rehabilitation Department. Multiple Case Study

Journal of restorative medicine and rehabilitation ◽

10.38025/2078-1962-2021-20-3-16-25 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 16-25

Author(s):

Vladimir E. Vladimirsky ◽

Evgeniy V. Vladimirsky ◽

Anna N. Lunina ◽

Anatoliy D. Fesyun ◽

Andrey P. Rachin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cardiovascular System ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Physical Exertion ◽

Metabolic Demand ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Physical Exercises ◽

Multiple Case

The review analyzes the data of scientific publications on the effects of molecular mechanisms initiated by physical exertion on thefunction of the cardiovascular system and the course of cardiac diseases. As practice and a number of evidence-based studies haveshown, the beneficial effects of physical activity on the outcomes of diseases in a number of cardiac nosologies are comparable todrug treatment. Numerous mechanisms mediate the benefits of regular exercise for optimal cardiovascular function. Exercises causewidespread changes in numerous cells, tissues, and organs in response to increased metabolic demand, including adaptation of thecardiovascular system. Physical exercises, which include various types of aerobic exercises of varying intensity and duration, is animportant component of the therapeutic treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Knowledge of the molecular basis ofthe physical activity impact on the cardiovascular system makes it possible to use biochemical markers to assess the effectiveness ofrehabilitation programs.

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The seasonal development dynamics of the yak hair cycle transcriptome

10.21203/rs.2.10952/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Pengjia Bao ◽

Jiayu Luo ◽

Yanbin Liu ◽

Min Chu ◽

Qingmiao Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hormonal Regulation ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Seasonal Development ◽

Series Data ◽

Hair Cycle ◽

Adaptation Mechanism

Abstract Background: Mammalian hair play an important role in mammals' ability to adapt to changing climatic environments. The seasonal circulation of yak hair helps them adapt to high altitude but the regulation mechanisms of the proliferation and differentiation of hair follicle (HF) cells during development are still unknown. Here, using time series data for whole genome expression profiles and hormone contents, we systematically analyzed the mechanism regulating the periodic expression of hair development in the yak and reviewed how different combinations of genetic pathways regulate HF development and cycling. Results: This study used high-throughput RNA sequencing to provide a detailed description of global gene expression in 15 samples from five developmental time points during the yak hair cycle. A total of 11,666 genes were found to be involved in the hair cycle. According to clustering analysis and the morphological features we observed, we found that these 15 samples could be significantly grouped into three phases, which represent different developmental periods in the hair cycle. A total of 2,316 genes were identified in these three consecutive developmental periods and their expression patterns could be divided into 9 clusters; GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment were performed on these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), showing that the three periods have distinctive functions in the seasonal hair cycle. The regulatory network of related signaling factors highlighted the interaction and dynamic expression of key DEGs during the seasonal hair cycle. Through co-expression analysis, we revealed a number of modular hub genes highly associated with hormones that may play unique roles in hormonal regulation of events associated with the hair cycle. Conclusions: Our results revealed the molecular mechanisms and developmental regulatory networks of the seasonal hair cycle in the yak and filled a gap in the current research field. The findings will be valuable in further understanding the alpine adaptation mechanism in the yak, which is important in order to make full use of yak hair resources and promote the economic development of pastoral plateau areas. Keywords: Hair cycle, Seasonal development, Transcriptome, Yak

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Highlighting Human Enzymes Active in Different Metabolic Pathways and Diseases: The Case Study of EC 1.2.3.1 and EC 2.3.1.9

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines8080250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 250

Author(s):

Giulia Babbi ◽

Davide Baldazzi ◽

Castrense Savojardo ◽

Martelli Pier Luigi ◽

Rita Casadio

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Mitochondrial Gene ◽

Enzyme Commission Number ◽

Multiple Roles ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Functional Activities ◽

Interaction Sites ◽

Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase

Enzymes are key proteins performing the basic functional activities in cells. In humans, enzymes can be also responsible for diseases, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the genotype to phenotype relationship are under investigation for diagnosis and medical care. Here, we focus on highlighting enzymes that are active in different metabolic pathways and become relevant hubs in protein interaction networks. We perform a statistics to derive our present knowledge on human metabolic pathways (the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)), and we found that activity aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)), described by Enzyme Commission number EC 1.2.1.3, and activity acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) are the ones most frequently involved. By associating functional activities (EC numbers) to enzyme proteins, we found the proteins most frequently involved in metabolic pathways. With our analysis, we found that these proteins are endowed with the highest numbers of interaction partners when compared to all the enzymes in the pathways and with the highest numbers of predicted interaction sites. As specific enzyme protein test cases, we focus on Alpha-Aminoadipic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH7A1, EC 2.3.1.9) and Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic and mitochondrial (gene products of ACAT2 and ACAT1, respectively; EC 2.3.1.9). With computational approaches we show that it is possible, by starting from the enzyme structure, to highlight clues of their multiple roles in different pathways and of putative mechanisms promoting the association of genes to disease.

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3.3 Trovafloxacin: a case study of idiosyncratic or iatrogenic liver toxicity – molecular mechanisms and lessons for pharmacotoxicity

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327109105767 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 28 (2-3) ◽

pp. 119-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J Borlak

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Liver Toxicity

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Pituitary Homeobox 1 Activates the Rat FSHβ (rFSHβ) Gene through Both Direct and Indirect Interactions with the rFSHβ Gene Promoter

Molecular Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/me.2002-0088 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 1840-1852 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Marjorie M. Zakaria ◽

Kyeong-Hoon Jeong ◽

Charlemagne Lacza ◽

Ursula B. Kaiser

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Binding Sites ◽

Hormonal Regulation ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Specific Binding ◽

Gene Promoter ◽

Functional Studies ◽

Direct Binding ◽

Residual Activation

Abstract Molecular mechanisms underlying gonadotrope-specific and hormonal regulation of FSHβ gene expression remain largely unknown. We have studied the role of pituitary homeobox 1 (Ptx1), a transcription factor important for regulation of many pituitary-specific genes, in the regulation of rat FSHβ (rFSHβ) gene transcription. We demonstrate that Ptx1 activates the rFSHβ gene promoter both basally and in synergy with GnRH. The effect of Ptx1 was localized to −140/−50, a region also important for basal activity of the promoter. Two putative Ptx1 binding sites (P1 and P2) homologous to consensus Ptx1 binding elements were identified in this region. We demonstrate specific binding of Ptx1 to the P2 but not to the P1 site. Furthermore, functional studies indicate that the P2 but not the P1 site mediates activation of the promoter by Ptx1. Residual activation of the promoter by Ptx1 was observed independent of the P2 site. However, no additional Ptx1 binding sites were identified in this region, indicating that the residual activation observed is likely independent of direct Ptx1 binding to the promoter. These results identify a functional Ptx1 binding site in the rFSHβ gene promoter and suggest the presence of an additional activating pathway that is independent of direct binding of Ptx1 to the promoter.

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