scholarly journals Correlation between SARS‐COV‐2 antibody screening by immunoassay and neutralizing antibody testing

Transfusion ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Mendrone‐Junior ◽  
Carla Luana Dinardo ◽  
Suzete Cleuza Ferreira ◽  
Anna Nishya ◽  
Nanci Alves Salles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Antibody Screening

scholarly journals Comparison of SARS‐CoV ‐2 neutralizing antibody testing of convalescent plasma donations in the Netherlands and England: A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli Harvala ◽  
Robin Gopal ◽  
Monika Patel ◽  
Maria Zambon ◽  
David Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Testing

scholarly journals Renal-Limited Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease Related To Alemtuzumab: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205435812096268
Author(s):  
Amye M. Harrigan ◽  
Michael L. West ◽  
Laurette Geldenhuys ◽  
Penelope Poyah
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Optimal Frequency ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Antibody Screening ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Rationale: Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Many autoimmune-mediated adverse events have been associated with alemtuzumab, including renal-limited anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. Presenting concern: A 52-year-old female with RRMS presented with acute kidney injury 39 months after receiving 1 cycle of alemtuzumab. She had a history of alemtuzumab-associated hypothyroidism and thrombocytopenia, urinary tract infections, and chronically abnormal urinalyses. Diagnosis: A diagnosis of renal-limited anti-GBM disease was made based on renal biopsy and positive anti-GBM serology. Alemtuzumab was thought to be the trigger of the anti-GBM disease as there were no other exposures or serologic findings suggesting other causes. Interventions: She was treated with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and plasmapheresis. She required hemodialysis for acute renal failure. Outcomes: Despite treatment, the patient’s renal function did not recover. She remained dialysis-dependent and anti-GBM antibody titers remained elevated 6 months after presentation. Teaching points: Anti-GBM disease is a life-altering adverse event that can be associated with alemtuzumab. Our case highlights the limitations of monitoring urinalyses as a trigger for anti-GBM antibody testing in patients who have received alemtuzumab and have baseline abnormal urinalyses; such patients may require further protocolized anti-GBM antibody testing, although the optimal frequency of such antibody screening remains unclear.

scholarly journals Corona Virus Disease-19 serology, inflammatory markers, hospitalizations, case finding, and aging

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252818
Author(s):  
Ernst J. Schaefer ◽  
Latha Dulipsingh ◽  
Florence Comite ◽  
Jessica Jimison ◽  
Martin M. Grajower ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Antibody Levels

Most deaths from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection occur in older subjects. We assessed the utility of serum inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), C reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin (Roche, Indianapolis, IN), and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and neutralizing antibodies (Diazyme, Poway, CA). In controls, non-hospitalized subjects, and hospitalized subjects assessed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (n = 278), median IgG levels in arbitrary units (AU)/mL were 0.05 in negative subjects, 14.83 in positive outpatients, and 30.61 in positive hospitalized patients (P<0.0001). Neutralizing antibody levels correlated significantly with IgG (r = 0.875; P<0.0001). Having combined values of IL-6 ≥10 pg/mL and CRP ≥10 mg/L occurred in 97.7% of inpatients versus 1.8% of outpatients (odds ratio 3,861, C statistic 0.976, P = 1.00 x 10−12). Antibody or ferritin levels did not add significantly to predicting hospitalization. Antibody testing in family members and contacts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive cases (n = 759) was invaluable for case finding. Persistent IgM levels were associated with chronic COVID-19 symptoms. In 81,624 screened subjects, IgG levels were positive (≥1.0 AU/mL) in 5.21%, while IgM levels were positive in 2.96% of subjects. In positive subjects median IgG levels in AU/mL were 3.14 if <30 years of age, 4.38 if 30–44 years of age, 7.89 if 45–54 years of age, 9.52 if 55–64 years of age, and 10.64 if ≥65 years of age (P = 2.96 x 10−38). Our data indicate that: 1) combined IL-6 ≥10 pg/mL and CRP ≥10 mg/L identify SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects requiring hospitalization; 2) IgG levels were significantly correlated with neutralizing antibody levels with a wide range of responses; 3) IgG levels have significant utility for case finding in exposed subjects; 4) persistently elevated IgM levels are associated with chronic symptoms; and 5) IgG levels are significantly higher in positive older subjects than their younger counterparts.

scholarly journals Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and its potential applications and therapeutic prospects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Zheng ◽  
Yingying Deng ◽  
Zhenyu Zhao ◽  
Binli Mao ◽  
Mengji Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Potential Applications

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic that poses a great threat to human health worldwide. As the humoral immune response plays essential roles in disease occurrence and development, understanding the dynamics and characteristics of virus-specific humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is of great importance for controlling this disease. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and further emphasize the potential applications and therapeutic prospects of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and the critical role of this immunity in vaccine development. Notably, serological antibody testing based on the humoral immune response can guide public health measures and control strategies; however, it is not recommended for population surveys in areas with very low prevalence. Existing evidence suggests that asymptomatic individuals have a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas SARS-CoV-2-infected children have a more effective humoral immune response than adults. The correlations between antibody (especially neutralizing antibody) titers and protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection should be further examined. In addition, the emergence of cross-reactions among different coronavirus antigens in the development of screening technology and the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination should be given further attention.

scholarly journals A Single Drop of Fingerstick Blood for Quantitative Antibody Response Evaluation After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwei Du ◽  
Dayu Zhang ◽  
Hannah May ◽  
Yulia Loginova ◽  
Eric Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Single Drop ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Blood Draw

Among several COVID vaccines that have been approved, the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines are mRNA vaccines that are safe and highly effective at preventing COVID-19 illness. Studies have demonstrated that neutralizing antibody responses elicited by these vaccines correlate strongly with antibodies measured by immunoassays such as ELISA. To monitor the antibody level duration of vaccine-induced immune responses in vaccinated population, cost-effective and easily implementable antibody testing methodologies are urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using a single drop of fingerstick blood collected with flocked swabs for a high-throughput and quantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) IgG antibody immunoassay. A total of 50 voluntary subjects participated and donated fingerstick blood samples before and after receiving the Moderna mRNA vaccine. Among all individuals tested, no anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG antibody was detected before vaccination and on day 7 after receiving the first vaccine dose. On day 14 after the first dose, a significant amount of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG antibody was detected in all participants samples. By the end the third week from the first dose, the median anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG concentration increased to 44.9 ug/mL. No anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein IgG antibody was detected in any of the participants during the study period, indicating that the anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay is specific for the mRNA vaccine induced antibodies. Comaprison of venous blood plasma and fingerstick blood for anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG shown a higher correlation. Furthermore, the fingerstick blood dried swab samples are stable for at least 4 days. In summary, we demonstrated that a single drop of fingerstick blood collected with flocked swab can be used for quantitative detection and monitoring of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG responses after receiving COVID-19 vaccination. This testing platform does not require venous blood draw and can be easily implemented for large scale antibody testing in vaccinated populations.

scholarly journals A nanoluciferase SARS-CoV-2 for rapid neutralization testing and screening of anti-infective drugs for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuping Xie ◽  
Antonio E. Muruato ◽  
Xianwen Zhang ◽  
Kumari G. Lokugamage ◽  
Camila R. Fontes-Garfias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Reporter Virus ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Tenofovir Alafenamide

AbstractA high-throughput platform would greatly facilitate COVID-19 serological testing and antiviral screening. Here we report a nanoluciferase SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2-Nluc) that is genetically stable and replicates similarly to the wild-type virus in cell culture. We demonstrate that the optimized reporter virus assay in Vero E6 cells can be used to measure neutralizing antibody activity in patient sera and produces results in concordance with a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Compared with the low-throughput PRNT (3 days), the SARS-CoV-2-Nluc assay has substantially shorter turnaround time (5 hours) with a high-throughput testing capacity. Thus, the assay can be readily deployed for large-scale vaccine evaluation and neutralizing antibody testing in humans. Additionally, we developed a high-throughput antiviral assay using SARS-CoV-2-Nluc infection of A549 cells expressing human ACE2 receptor (A549-hACE2). When tested against this reporter virus, remdesivir exhibited substantially more potent activity in A549-hACE2 cells compared to Vero E6 cells (EC50 0.115 vs 1.28 μM), while this difference was not observed for chloroquine (EC50 1.32 vs 3.52 μM), underscoring the importance of selecting appropriate cells for antiviral testing. Using the optimized SARS-CoV-2-Nluc assay, we evaluated a collection of approved and investigational antivirals and other anti-infective drugs. Nelfinavir, rupintrivir, and cobicistat were identified as the most selective inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Nluc (EC50 0.77 to 2.74 μM). In contrast, most of the clinically approved antivirals, including tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and velpatasvir were inactive at concentrations up to 10 μM. Collectively, this high-throughput platform represents a reliable tool for rapid neutralization testing and antiviral screening for SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Canine Distemper Epizootic in Lions, Tigers, and Leopards in North America

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max J. G. Appel ◽  
Rebecca A. Yates ◽  
George L. Foley ◽  
Jon J. Bernstein ◽  
Silvio Santinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
San Fernando ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Different Strains

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection occurred in captive leopards ( Panthera pardus), tigers ( Panthera tigris), lions ( Panthera leo), and a jaguar ( Panthera onca) in 1991 and 1992. An epizootic affected all 4 types of cats at the Wildlife Waystation, San Fernando, California, with 17 mortalities. CDV-infected raccoons were thought to be the source of infection in these cats. Two black leopards died at the Naibi Zoo, Coal Valley, Illinois, and 2 tigers died at the Shambala Preserve, Acton, California. Initial clinical signs were anorexia with gastrointestinal and/or respiratory disease followed by seizures. Canine distemper virus was isolated from 3 leopards, 3 tigers, and 3 lions that died or were euthanized when moribund. Monoclonal antibody testing identified the virus isolates as CDV. Gross and histopathologic findings were similar to those found in canids with distemper with a few exceptions. There were fewer lesions in the brain, and there was a pronounced type 2 cell proliferation in the lung, with inclusion bodies and CDV antigen demonstrated by immunohistology. Neutralizing antibody to CDV was found in high titers in serum from most animals but was absent or was found only in low titers in some cats that succumbed after CDV infection. There was a marked difference in neutralizing antibody titers when tests were done with different strains of CDV.

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