Analisis Penentu Perbezaan Upah Mengikut Kemahiran Di Malaysia

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Azma Wail ◽  
Rahmah Ismail ◽  
Ishak Yussof
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Wage Ratio ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
And Training ◽  
Discriminatory Practice

Di Malaysia, permintaan terhadap kemahiran buruh telah mengalami perubahan kesan daripada perubahan struktur ekonomi. Kesan selanjutnya, berlaku perubahan dalam nisbah upah antara kemahiran yang memihak kepada buruh yang lebih mahir. Terdapat banyak faktor yang menentukan tingkat upah pekerja seperti modal manusia khususnya pencapaian pendidikan, pengalaman dan latihan, faktor demografi dan sektor pekerjaan. Walau bagaimanapun, setelah mengambil kira semua perbezaan dalam pemboleh ubah yang berkaitan dengan produktiviti ini, perbezaan upah mengikut jenis pekerjaan atau kemahiran masih berlaku yang boleh disebabkan oleh perlakuan diskriminasi majikan. Kertas ini bertujuan mengenal pasti penentu perbezaan upah mengikut kemahiran di Malaysia. Analisis berdasarkan kepada data 2,216 ketua isi rumah yang dikutip pada tahun 2007/2008, hasil kajian ini menunjukkan pemboleh ubah modal manusia memainkan peranan utama dalam menentukan tingkat dan perbezaan upah mengikut kemahiran. Selanjutnya, hasil kajian juga menunjukkan 64.25 peratus daripada perbezaan upah pekerja mahir dengan pekerja separuh mahir dapat diterangkan oleh pemboleh ubah dalam model upah dan 35.75 peratus tidak dapat diterangkan. Bahagian yang tidak dapat diterangkan ini termasuklah amalan diskriminasi oleh majikan terhadap pekerja mereka. Bagi perbezaan upah antara pekerja mahir dengan tidak mahir pula, sebanyak 77.20 peratus dapat diterangkan dan 22.80 peratus tidak dapat diterangkan. Kata kunci: Perbezaan upah; diskriminasi; pekerja mahir; pekerja separa mahir; pekerja tidak mahir In Malaysia, demand for skills has been changing dramatically as a result of economic transformation. This subsequently resulted in changes in wage ratio between skills, which is more favourable towards skilled workers. However, it has been argued that wage rate does not merely depend on the demand for labour, but there are other factors that can influence workers’ wages. These include human capital variables like educational attainment, experience and training; demographic factors and job sectors. Even after taking into account the variations in these productivity-related variables, occupational wage differentials may still prevail as a result of employers' discriminatory practice. This paper attempts to measure wage differentials determinants by skills in Malaysia. The analysis is based on 2,216 heads of households data collected in 2007/2008. The result revealed that human capital variables play a major role in determining the level of wage and its differentials between skills. Moreover, the result demonstrates that 64.25 percent of skilled-semi skilled wage differentials are explained by the incorporated variables in the wage model, whereas 35.75 percent are unexplained. This unexplained portion includes the employers’ discriminatory practice against their workers. For the skilled-unskilled wage differentials 77.2 percent are explained and 22.8 percent are unexplained. Key words: Wage differentials; discrimination; skilled workers; semi-skilled workers; unskilled workers

Pathways of Technological Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Structural Unemployment ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Training ◽  
The U.S

While technological change benefits the U.S. service sector and the economy as a whole, the creation, design and production of innovations may favor highly-skilled over less-skilled workers. If skill-biased technical change creates more job vacancies for skilled, relative to less-skilled workers, less-skilled workers are at greater risk of becoming structurally unemployed. An epidemiological model is developed that describes the pathways to, and prevention of, structural unemployment (SU) of less-skilled workers. Less-skilled workers must protect themselves from being “infected” by the diffusion of skill-biased technical change in the service sector. They must choose to become “vaccinated” with “injections” of human capital to reduce the probability of contracting the “disease” of (SU) and to avoid permanently working in de-skilled jobs. By making less-skilled workers more productive, one can simultaneously improve the distribution of education and training, health and income inequality while providing the government more tax revenue.

scholarly journals Emigration, Immigration, and Skill Formation: The Case of a Midstream Country

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kondoh
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
National Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Skill Formation ◽  
Unskilled Workers

This study theoretically investigates the economy of a small country that exports skilled labor to higher developed countries and simultaneously imports unskilled labor from lower developed countries. Compared with the free immigration case, if this country adopts an optimally controlled immigration policy by imposing income tax on immigrants to maximize national income, skills formation is negatively affected and the number of domestic unskilled workers increases. Moreover, under certain conditions, we can assert the counter-intuitive possibility that the wage rate of domestic unskilled workers may decrease but that of skilled workers may increase owing to the restriction of foreign unskilled workers.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABILITY FOR MALAYSIAN TVET

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Khairul Azhar Jamaludin ◽  
Norlidah Alias ◽  
Dorothy DeWitt
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Employability Skills ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Education Platform ◽  
Near Future ◽  
And Training

Developing human capital through education is very important for Malaysia. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is one of education lines that is aimed to produce skilled workers for our country. This education platform is hoped not only to develop students’ academic and technical knowledge, but also to help students acquire high employability skills. Thus, the purpose of this article is to discuss the sustainability for Malaysian TVET as one of its aspirations is to produce more skilled workers for our country, in near future.

Macrodynamic Modeling of Innovation Equilibria and Traps

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar J. Sanchez-Carrera ◽  
Sebastian Ille ◽  
Giuseppe Travaglini
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Mixed State ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Strategic Complements ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Increase Productivity

Abstract We study the interplay between the decision of firms to innovate and human capital. Based on a dynamic evolutionary model, we show that in the presence of a high stock of human capital, an advanced economy can remain caught in an “innovation trap”. Following the literature on endogenous growth, R&D investments and human capital are modeled as strategic complements. Skilled workers increase productivity and enjoy a wage premium if they are employed in the R&D sector, while they receive the same wage as unskilled workers if they are employed in the production sector. We model the evolutionary dynamics of the share of innovative firms and human capital to determine the conditions under which an economy converges to a high, low or mixed state of innovation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of socio-economic status of the skilled and unskilled workers of an organic farm of Himachal Pradesh, India- A case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-647
Author(s):  
Dipika Rana ◽  
Anupam Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Behavioral Aspects ◽  
Unskilled Workers

In this study, an attempt was made to study the socio-economic status of the workers engaged in organic farming. The various healthy practices under organic farming like compost production, use of bio-pesticides, crop rotations, etc. increases soil health and quality of the food. The organic practices including Homa bhasm, Agnihotra and Biodynamic farming besides promoting healthy agriculture are expected to have seeming effects on behavioral aspects of the farm workers. However, apparently systemic information on social attributes of organic farm is still limited. The socio- economic aspects of an organic farm CSKHPKV, Palampur were documented through structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by the use of indices, ratios and percentages. The various aspects as family structure and size, age distribution, caste structure, literacy level, occupational pattern, economic status behavioral aspects were evaluated. The skilled workers had nuclear family while unskilled workers had joint families, larger portion of workers in the organic farm belonged to younger age group (31 years), literacy index was high (4.32) in case of skilled workers while low (3.23) for unskilled workers. It was observed that in case of skilled workers majority of individuals were positively affected through increased farming knowledge, better wage rate, improved ethical and spiritual thinking while in case of unskilled workers no obvious positive reaction was observed for farming knowledge and wage rate though there was perceptible change in punctuality and spiritual thinking.  

Innovative Techniques and Strategies of Skill Building for Human Resource Development in SMEs, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arti Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Skill Building ◽  
And Training

India has gradually evolved as knowledge based economy due to the abundance of capable, flexible and qualified human capital. With the constantly rising influence of globalization, India has immense opportunities to establish its distinctive position in the world. However, there is a need to further develop and empower the human capital to ensure the nations global competitiveness. Despite the empathetic stress laid on education and training in this country, there is still a shortage of skilled manpower to address the mounting needs and demands of the economy. Skill building can be viewed as an instrument to improve the effectiveness and contribution of labor to the overall production. It is as an important ingredient to push the production possibility frontier outward and to take growth rate of the economy to a higher trajectory. This paper focuses on skill development in Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) which contribute nearly 8 percent of the country's GDP, 45 percent of the manufacturing output and 40 percent of the exports. They provide the largest share of employment after agriculture. They are the nurseries for entrepreneurship and innovation. SMEs have been established in almost all-major sectors in the Indian industry. The main assets for any firm, especially small and medium sized enterprises are their human capital. This is even more important in the knowledge based economy, where intangible factors and services are of growing importance. The rapid obsolescence of knowledge is a key factor of the knowledge economy. However, we also know that for a small business it is very difficult to engage staff in education and training in order to update and upgrade their skills within continuous learning approach. Therefore there is a need to innovate new techniques and strategies of skill development to develop human capital in SME's.

scholarly journals International trade in services and inequalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Petit
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Tourism Services ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of the international openness in tourism services trade on wage inequality between highly skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers in the tourism industry. The sample covers 10 developed countries and expands over 15 years. A cointegrated panel data model and an error correction model were used to distinguish between the short- and long-run effects. The results are compared to those of openness of business services and manufactured goods. The findings point out that tourism increases wage inequality at the expense of the least skilled workers in the long run and the short run.

Human capital management in modern conditions: norms, law, and innovative methods to the level of competence of labor resources

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Elena Stepanovna Ustinovich
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Human Capital Management ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The relevance of addressing the problem of a comprehensive study of human capital in the context of economic transformation is caused by the need to develop innovative forms and methods of its use.

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