scholarly journals Emigration, Immigration, and Skill Formation: The Case of a Midstream Country

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kondoh
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
National Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Skill Formation ◽  
Unskilled Workers

This study theoretically investigates the economy of a small country that exports skilled labor to higher developed countries and simultaneously imports unskilled labor from lower developed countries. Compared with the free immigration case, if this country adopts an optimally controlled immigration policy by imposing income tax on immigrants to maximize national income, skills formation is negatively affected and the number of domestic unskilled workers increases. Moreover, under certain conditions, we can assert the counter-intuitive possibility that the wage rate of domestic unskilled workers may decrease but that of skilled workers may increase owing to the restriction of foreign unskilled workers.

scholarly journals International trade in services and inequalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Petit
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Tourism Services ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of the international openness in tourism services trade on wage inequality between highly skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers in the tourism industry. The sample covers 10 developed countries and expands over 15 years. A cointegrated panel data model and an error correction model were used to distinguish between the short- and long-run effects. The results are compared to those of openness of business services and manufactured goods. The findings point out that tourism increases wage inequality at the expense of the least skilled workers in the long run and the short run.

scholarly journals DIRECTED TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: A KNOWLEDGE-BASED MODEL

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tailong Li ◽  
Shiyuan Pan ◽  
Heng-fu Zou
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Biased Technological Change ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Directed Technological Change

In a knowledge-based growth model where skilled workers are used in innovation and production, skill-biased technological change may lower average R&D productivity via an innovation possibilities frontier effect that eliminates scale effects. We show that skill-biased technological change increases the skill premium even if the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled workers is less than two. Trade between developed countries promotes skill-biased technological change, thus raising wage inequality. Trade between developed and developing countries has differing effects: it induces relatively skill-replacing technological change and lowers wage inequality in the developed country but has the opposite effects in the developing country. Finally, we show that trade can stimulate or hurt economic growth.

Analisis Penentu Perbezaan Upah Mengikut Kemahiran Di Malaysia

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Azma Wail ◽  
Rahmah Ismail ◽  
Ishak Yussof
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Wage Ratio ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
And Training ◽  
Discriminatory Practice

Di Malaysia, permintaan terhadap kemahiran buruh telah mengalami perubahan kesan daripada perubahan struktur ekonomi. Kesan selanjutnya, berlaku perubahan dalam nisbah upah antara kemahiran yang memihak kepada buruh yang lebih mahir. Terdapat banyak faktor yang menentukan tingkat upah pekerja seperti modal manusia khususnya pencapaian pendidikan, pengalaman dan latihan, faktor demografi dan sektor pekerjaan. Walau bagaimanapun, setelah mengambil kira semua perbezaan dalam pemboleh ubah yang berkaitan dengan produktiviti ini, perbezaan upah mengikut jenis pekerjaan atau kemahiran masih berlaku yang boleh disebabkan oleh perlakuan diskriminasi majikan. Kertas ini bertujuan mengenal pasti penentu perbezaan upah mengikut kemahiran di Malaysia. Analisis berdasarkan kepada data 2,216 ketua isi rumah yang dikutip pada tahun 2007/2008, hasil kajian ini menunjukkan pemboleh ubah modal manusia memainkan peranan utama dalam menentukan tingkat dan perbezaan upah mengikut kemahiran. Selanjutnya, hasil kajian juga menunjukkan 64.25 peratus daripada perbezaan upah pekerja mahir dengan pekerja separuh mahir dapat diterangkan oleh pemboleh ubah dalam model upah dan 35.75 peratus tidak dapat diterangkan. Bahagian yang tidak dapat diterangkan ini termasuklah amalan diskriminasi oleh majikan terhadap pekerja mereka. Bagi perbezaan upah antara pekerja mahir dengan tidak mahir pula, sebanyak 77.20 peratus dapat diterangkan dan 22.80 peratus tidak dapat diterangkan. Kata kunci: Perbezaan upah; diskriminasi; pekerja mahir; pekerja separa mahir; pekerja tidak mahir In Malaysia, demand for skills has been changing dramatically as a result of economic transformation. This subsequently resulted in changes in wage ratio between skills, which is more favourable towards skilled workers. However, it has been argued that wage rate does not merely depend on the demand for labour, but there are other factors that can influence workers’ wages. These include human capital variables like educational attainment, experience and training; demographic factors and job sectors. Even after taking into account the variations in these productivity-related variables, occupational wage differentials may still prevail as a result of employers' discriminatory practice. This paper attempts to measure wage differentials determinants by skills in Malaysia. The analysis is based on 2,216 heads of households data collected in 2007/2008. The result revealed that human capital variables play a major role in determining the level of wage and its differentials between skills. Moreover, the result demonstrates that 64.25 percent of skilled-semi skilled wage differentials are explained by the incorporated variables in the wage model, whereas 35.75 percent are unexplained. This unexplained portion includes the employers’ discriminatory practice against their workers. For the skilled-unskilled wage differentials 77.2 percent are explained and 22.8 percent are unexplained. Key words: Wage differentials; discrimination; skilled workers; semi-skilled workers; unskilled workers

scholarly journals The World Technology Frontier

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Caselli ◽  
Wilbur John Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Skilled Labor ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Aggregate Production Function ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Lower Income Countries

We study cross-country differences in the aggregate production function when skilled and unskilled labor are imperfect substitutes. We find that there is a skill bias in cross-country technology differences. Higher-income countries use skilled labor more efficiently than lower-income countries, while they use unskilled labor relatively and, possibly, absolutely less efficiently. We also propose a simple explanation for our findings: rich countries, which are skilled-labor abundant, choose technologies that are best suited to skilled workers; poor countries, which are unskilled-labor abundant, choose technologies more appropriate to unskilled workers. We discuss alternative explanations, such as capital-skill complementarity and differences in schooling quality.

Economic Development, Trade and Wages

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Jones ◽  
Sugata Marjit
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Skilled Labor ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Neighborhood Structure ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Specific Factors

Abstract. We present models that allow the use of unskilled and skilled labor as well as capital and land. Thus agriculture, important in developing countries, can be included as well as two types of labor and a single (or two) type(s) of physical capital. The models are related to the simple 3x2 specific factors structure by means of what is called the linear neighborhood structure, wherein no activity uses more than two factors, and the two types of labor work in separated sectors, using in common a type of physical capital. We discuss how wage rate changes are related when endowments change, when agriculture becomes traded and prices rise, and when unskilled labor becomes educated and joins the ranks of skilled workers.

scholarly journals The extent of upskilling of the argentine labor market: a simple analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (56) ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
Alexis S. Esposto ◽  
Luis Federico Giménez
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Skilled Labor ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
Skill Requirement ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Using Data

Over the last three decades the labor market of most developed countries have experienced a sustained period of upskilling. This means an overall increase in the skill requirement of jobs determined by the demand for skilled labor. This suggests that their labor demand has become more skill intensive, shifting towards skilled workers relatively to unskilled workers. An analysis of job growth of the Argentine labor market between 1997 and 2009 using data from the EPH, evidences a process of deskilling over this period, with serious implications in terms of competitiveness and about issues related to increasing social and economic inequality.

scholarly journals Evaluation of socio-economic status of the skilled and unskilled workers of an organic farm of Himachal Pradesh, India- A case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-647
Author(s):  
Dipika Rana ◽  
Anupam Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Behavioral Aspects ◽  
Unskilled Workers

In this study, an attempt was made to study the socio-economic status of the workers engaged in organic farming. The various healthy practices under organic farming like compost production, use of bio-pesticides, crop rotations, etc. increases soil health and quality of the food. The organic practices including Homa bhasm, Agnihotra and Biodynamic farming besides promoting healthy agriculture are expected to have seeming effects on behavioral aspects of the farm workers. However, apparently systemic information on social attributes of organic farm is still limited. The socio- economic aspects of an organic farm CSKHPKV, Palampur were documented through structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by the use of indices, ratios and percentages. The various aspects as family structure and size, age distribution, caste structure, literacy level, occupational pattern, economic status behavioral aspects were evaluated. The skilled workers had nuclear family while unskilled workers had joint families, larger portion of workers in the organic farm belonged to younger age group (31 years), literacy index was high (4.32) in case of skilled workers while low (3.23) for unskilled workers. It was observed that in case of skilled workers majority of individuals were positively affected through increased farming knowledge, better wage rate, improved ethical and spiritual thinking while in case of unskilled workers no obvious positive reaction was observed for farming knowledge and wage rate though there was perceptible change in punctuality and spiritual thinking.  

Skilled Labor, Unskilled Labor, and Experience Over Time

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Caselli
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Skill Bias ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Joint Behavior ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines what the joint behavior of relative wage and relative supply reveal about the underlying changes in technology, with a focus on the United States. It distinguishes workers by two characteristics: skill and experience. It classifies the labor force into four kinds of workers: experienced skilled workers, inexperienced skilled workers, experienced unskilled workers, and inexperienced unskilled workers. The equation takes into account the quantities of unskilled inexperienced inputs, unskilled experienced inputs, skilled inexperienced inputs, and skilled experienced inputs, as well as the elasticity of substitution between unskilled inexperienced and unskilled experienced workers, and skilled inexperienced and skilled experienced ones. The results confirm many previous findings of a significant skill bias in technical change between 1960 and 2010, and also reveal an experience bias in technical change over roughly the same period, especially among skilled workers and since the 1980s.

Differentiation of Skills and Unemployment

2016 ◽  
pp. 355-365
Author(s):  
Samir Amine
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Vertical Differentiation ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Negative Income Tax

The purpose of this paper is to study an original relationship between the differentiation of jobs and the characteristics of the labor market. Using an original formalization of horizontal and vertical differentiation of workers, this paper shows that an increase in unemployment leads to creating jobs more suited to skilled workers. Introducing a negative income tax system (NIT), the present model shows that this public policy results in a deterioration of the situation of unskilled workers by encouraging firms to create jobs more suited to skilled.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Lourenço S. Paz ◽  
Kul Prasad Kapri
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Import Penetration ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Penetration Effect ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers

This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.

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