Pathways of Technological Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Structural Unemployment ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Training ◽  
The U.S

While technological change benefits the U.S. service sector and the economy as a whole, the creation, design and production of innovations may favor highly-skilled over less-skilled workers. If skill-biased technical change creates more job vacancies for skilled, relative to less-skilled workers, less-skilled workers are at greater risk of becoming structurally unemployed. An epidemiological model is developed that describes the pathways to, and prevention of, structural unemployment (SU) of less-skilled workers. Less-skilled workers must protect themselves from being “infected” by the diffusion of skill-biased technical change in the service sector. They must choose to become “vaccinated” with “injections” of human capital to reduce the probability of contracting the “disease” of (SU) and to avoid permanently working in de-skilled jobs. By making less-skilled workers more productive, one can simultaneously improve the distribution of education and training, health and income inequality while providing the government more tax revenue.

scholarly journals HUMAN CAPITAL AND ITS ROLE IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelyzaveta Snitko ◽  
Yevheniia Zavhorodnia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The development of a modern economy, in the context of the fourth industrial revolution, is impossible without the accumulation and development of human capital, since the foundation of the transformation of the economic system in an innovative economy is human capital. In this regard, the level of development and the efficiency of using human capital are of paramount importance. This article attempts to assess the role of human capital in the fourth industrial revolution. In the future, human talent will play a much more important role in the production process than capital. However, it will also lead to a greater division of the labor market with a growing gap between low-paid and high-paid jobs, and will contribute to an increase in social tensions. Already today, there is an increase in demand for highly skilled workers, especially in high-income countries, with a decrease in demand for workers with lower skills and lower levels of education. Analysis of labor market trends suggests that the future labor market is a market where there is simultaneously a certain demand for both higher and lower skills and abilities, combined with the devastation of the middle tier. The fourth industrial revolution relies heavily on the concept of human capital and the importance of finding complementarity between human and technology. In assessing the impact of the fourth industrial revolution, the relationship between technology, economic growth and human resources was examined. The analysis was carried out in terms of three concepts of economic growth, technological change and human capital. Human capital contributes to the advancement of new technologies, which makes the concept of human capital an essential factor in technological change. The authors emphasize that the modern economy makes new demands on workers; therefore it is necessary to constantly accumulate human capital, develop it through continuous learning, which will allow the domestic economy to enter the trajectory of sustainable economic growth. The need to create conditions for a comprehensive increase in the level of human capital development is noted.

Building the technological European Community through education: European mobility and training programmes in the 1980s

2020 ◽  
pp. 147490412098097
Author(s):  
Carmen Flury ◽  
Michael Geiss ◽  
Rosalía Guerrero Cantarell
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
European Community ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Social Strategy ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
And Training

The Community Action Programme for Education and Training for Technology (COMETT) played a key role in paving the way for increased cooperation between the member states of the European Community (EC) in the field of education and in the promotion of intra-Europe mobility. In this article, COMETT is considered as a non-traditional education and training programme for solving economic challenges in the context of technological change that was focused on the training of a highly skilled workforce. The process of setting the agenda for COMETT is studied through an analysis of official EC policy documents and archival material from the EU’s historical archives in Florence. Our analysis suggests that the challenge posed by new information technologies acted as a catalyst for a new approach to education governance that was based on closer cooperation between European universities and industry. Promoting intra-Europe mobility among highly skilled workers and students was a key part of the programme, which defined an economic and social strategy for Europe in response to technological change. Educational and social goals were secondary in the design and implementation of the COMETT programme, which, first and foremost, was motivated by the EC agenda to boost the competitiveness of European industry.

scholarly journals Human Capital Formation During the First Industrial Revolution: Evidence from the use of Steam Engines

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 829-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra de Pleijt ◽  
Alessandro Nuvolari ◽  
Jacob Weisdorf
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Rock Strata ◽  
Carboniferous Rock

Abstract We examine the effect of technical change on human capital formation during England's Industrial Revolution. Using the number of steam engines installed by 1800 as a synthetic indicator of technological change and occupational statistics to measure working skills (using HISCLASS), we establish a positive correlation between the use of steam engines and the share of skilled workers at the county level. We use exogenous variation in carboniferous rock strata (containing coal to fuel the engines) to show that the effect was causal. While technological change stimulated the formation of working skills, it had an overall negative effect on the formation of primary education, captured by literacy and school enrolment rates. It also led to higher gender inequality in literacy.

Analisis Penentu Perbezaan Upah Mengikut Kemahiran Di Malaysia

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Azma Wail ◽  
Rahmah Ismail ◽  
Ishak Yussof
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Wage Ratio ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
And Training ◽  
Discriminatory Practice

Di Malaysia, permintaan terhadap kemahiran buruh telah mengalami perubahan kesan daripada perubahan struktur ekonomi. Kesan selanjutnya, berlaku perubahan dalam nisbah upah antara kemahiran yang memihak kepada buruh yang lebih mahir. Terdapat banyak faktor yang menentukan tingkat upah pekerja seperti modal manusia khususnya pencapaian pendidikan, pengalaman dan latihan, faktor demografi dan sektor pekerjaan. Walau bagaimanapun, setelah mengambil kira semua perbezaan dalam pemboleh ubah yang berkaitan dengan produktiviti ini, perbezaan upah mengikut jenis pekerjaan atau kemahiran masih berlaku yang boleh disebabkan oleh perlakuan diskriminasi majikan. Kertas ini bertujuan mengenal pasti penentu perbezaan upah mengikut kemahiran di Malaysia. Analisis berdasarkan kepada data 2,216 ketua isi rumah yang dikutip pada tahun 2007/2008, hasil kajian ini menunjukkan pemboleh ubah modal manusia memainkan peranan utama dalam menentukan tingkat dan perbezaan upah mengikut kemahiran. Selanjutnya, hasil kajian juga menunjukkan 64.25 peratus daripada perbezaan upah pekerja mahir dengan pekerja separuh mahir dapat diterangkan oleh pemboleh ubah dalam model upah dan 35.75 peratus tidak dapat diterangkan. Bahagian yang tidak dapat diterangkan ini termasuklah amalan diskriminasi oleh majikan terhadap pekerja mereka. Bagi perbezaan upah antara pekerja mahir dengan tidak mahir pula, sebanyak 77.20 peratus dapat diterangkan dan 22.80 peratus tidak dapat diterangkan. Kata kunci: Perbezaan upah; diskriminasi; pekerja mahir; pekerja separa mahir; pekerja tidak mahir In Malaysia, demand for skills has been changing dramatically as a result of economic transformation. This subsequently resulted in changes in wage ratio between skills, which is more favourable towards skilled workers. However, it has been argued that wage rate does not merely depend on the demand for labour, but there are other factors that can influence workers’ wages. These include human capital variables like educational attainment, experience and training; demographic factors and job sectors. Even after taking into account the variations in these productivity-related variables, occupational wage differentials may still prevail as a result of employers' discriminatory practice. This paper attempts to measure wage differentials determinants by skills in Malaysia. The analysis is based on 2,216 heads of households data collected in 2007/2008. The result revealed that human capital variables play a major role in determining the level of wage and its differentials between skills. Moreover, the result demonstrates that 64.25 percent of skilled-semi skilled wage differentials are explained by the incorporated variables in the wage model, whereas 35.75 percent are unexplained. This unexplained portion includes the employers’ discriminatory practice against their workers. For the skilled-unskilled wage differentials 77.2 percent are explained and 22.8 percent are unexplained. Key words: Wage differentials; discrimination; skilled workers; semi-skilled workers; unskilled workers

How ‘Modern’ is the Modern Apprenticeship?

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Campbell ◽  
Ailsa Mckay ◽  
Emily Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Training Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Skills Shortages ◽  
And Training ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Despite the fact that some sectors of industry are facing major skills shortages, the Scottish labour market continues to be characterised by occupational segregation and a large disparity between the wages of women and men. The concentration of individuals in occupations and training based on their gender effectively restricts the pool of potential recruits to industry and is unlikely to make the best use of human capital. Moreover, it obstructs the pursuit of gender equality by reinforcing the gender pay gap and restricting individual career choices. This paper reports on the government's flagship training policy, the Modern Apprenticeship programme, from a gender perspective. It concludes that, ten years on from its introduction, the scheme represents something of a ‘missed opportunity’ to tackle occupational segregation and its deleterious effects in the wider economy and in society at large. It is recommended that the government and organisations involved in the development and delivery of Modern Apprenticeships adopt a more conscious and cohesive approach to promoting non-traditional choices at the vocational level.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINING FACTORS OF THE BRAIN DRAIN IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY OF THE COUNTRY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Andrijana Ristovska ◽  
Marija Magdinceva Sopova ◽  
Kiril Postolov ◽  
Saso Josimovski
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Young People ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Brain

This paper elaborates the issue about the ,,brain drain” phenomenon observing it through the prism of its intensity in the Republic of Macedonia and its positive and negative impacts, but also its effects on the development of the economy in the country. This research, which covered 1400 respondents from the target group of young people, aged between 15 and 29, begins by providing answers to the questions about the extent to which this phenomenon is present in Macedonia, what are the characteristics of the people who tend to leave the country, what are the pull factors that attract them to go abroad and also, what are the push factors that stimulate them to leave their own country, what are their expectations in relation to the development of the country in the future, what are their opinions about the effects of the brain drain on the development of the country – whether they are positive or negative effects and finally, which measures and policies, according to the respondents are of a great importance and should be taken by the government institutions and authorities, non-governmental organizations and private sector in order to reduce brain drain in the country.Republic of Macedonia is threatened by serious losses from brain drain that could decrease the human capital of the country and its economic growth. Macedonia faces a serious brain drain threat: 77.03% of respondents have firm stances to permanently leave the country, which is equal to loss of intellectual potential, loss of future skilled workers and entrepreneurs. It is a huge number of young people and poses a great danger to the aging of the population in the country, a risk to the economic potential and economic development of the country, especially if the continuity of migration lasts for a long time.Fortunately, the brain drain is a dynamic phenomenon, and its direction and intensity can be significantly changed through honest, serious and selfless efforts of all social stakeholders. In this direction, well-designed measures for the preservation of human capital in the country and their consistent implementation in practice, could turn this trend of brain drain into a successful brain circulation in Macedonia for a period of 5-10 years.Based on the presented results of the research given in the following text, but also on the basis of personal expertise and continuous monitoring of the brain drain process from the country, we propose several most important recommendations for activities at different levels of influence.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABILITY FOR MALAYSIAN TVET

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Khairul Azhar Jamaludin ◽  
Norlidah Alias ◽  
Dorothy DeWitt
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Employability Skills ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Education Platform ◽  
Near Future ◽  
And Training

Developing human capital through education is very important for Malaysia. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is one of education lines that is aimed to produce skilled workers for our country. This education platform is hoped not only to develop students’ academic and technical knowledge, but also to help students acquire high employability skills. Thus, the purpose of this article is to discuss the sustainability for Malaysian TVET as one of its aspirations is to produce more skilled workers for our country, in near future.

scholarly journals Agile Corps - A Public Service-Learning Program Part I

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-119
Author(s):  
Victor Udoewa
Keyword(s):  
Service Learning ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Premium Price ◽  
Technology Talent ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Training ◽  
The U.S

Each year the U.S. government invests more than $86 billion on IT products and services, yet the majority of these projects fail--they are delivered late, go over budget, are canceled, are outdated when finally delivered, or do not fit the user. Due to barriers in hiring and training, the government has tended to outsource IT talent at a premium price through contractors, but the results have not changed. The small amount of technology talent that exists in government tends to be senior, and there currently are very few, viable options for high-quality, junior and mid-level technologists to find a job in government and develop into senior roles. Agile Corps is a program designed to identify, recruit, train, and retain junior and mid-level technology talent in the government. This paper presents the design research and initial prototypes of the program and service called Agile Corps and introduces and prototypes the concept of public service-learning.

Entry Costs, Task Variety, and Skill Flexibility: A Simple Theory of (Top) Income Skewness

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Atolia ◽  
Yoshinori Kurokawa
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Entry Costs ◽  
Setup Costs ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Task Variety ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis paper develops a simple model that provides a unified explanation for both an increase in below-top skewness and a much larger increase in within-top skewness of wage income distribution. It relies on a single mechanism based on the fixed costs of firm entry. A decrease in entry costs increases the variety of goods/tasks and thus the demand for higher-skilled workers who are more flexible in handling a variety of tasks, which increases both types of skewness. Differences in flexibility are modeled as differences in the fixed labor setup costs required to handle a given number of tasks. Our numerical experiments in a calibrated model show that a decrease in entry costs – entry deregulation – can be a quantitatively important source of both the increase in below-top skewness and the much larger increase in within-top skewness observed in the U.S. Moreover, the experiments imply that the observed differences in entry deregulation can cause significant differences in the top skewness across countries that have similar technological change. This can provide an answer to Piketty and Saez’s (2006) question: Why have top wages surged in English speaking countries in recent decades but not in continental Europe or Japan, which have gone through similar technological change?

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