Jews and Trade in the Estate Economy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Teller
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Market ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Revenue Generation ◽  
The Family

Jewish merchants were, with Radziwiłł encouragement, the dominant force in local markets. They were particularly important in allowing the estate administration to take advantage of new opportunities in the eighteenth century, which its established systems were unable to do. Trade served the estate economy in three ways: distribution, supply, and revenue generation. The arendarze boosted grain sales in the new economic conditions and Jewish merchants enabled the family to penetrate the new export market in flax and hemp. Jews were extremely important in supplying estate society. This mercantile activity also generated huge revenues in the form of indirect taxation. The importance of Jews in revenue generation is seen in the family’s expanding river trade to Königsberg starting in the 1720s. The freight payments Jewish merchants made to ship their goods on family rafts made this newly flourishing trade viable for the Radziwiłłs, giving them easy access to the international market.

scholarly journals Taxation and income: a study regarding the regressive model of indirect taxation in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Aline Felipe Silva ◽  
Marconi Silva Miranda ◽  
Anderson De Oliveira Reis ◽  
Elizangela Lourdes de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Indirect Taxes

Purpose: To verify if indirect taxes on the income of taxpayers actually tend to be regressive, increasing the disparity between Brazilian taxpayers. Methodology: The empirical strategy consisted in estimating a simple linear regression model, based on the model developed by Pintos-Payeras (2008). The database was based on the data from the family budget survey (POF / 2002-2003). Results: The results show that indirect taxation tends to be regressive when family income is taken as the basis, since it affects all without distinguishing between its taxable capacity. Contributions of the Study: The study demonstrates that those who are in better economic conditions have less and less to bear with this tax burden, and, therefore, taxes are more heavily burdened on people with lower purchasing power.

Nordic retirement contracts and the economic situation of widows

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEATRICE MORING
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The Family ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Right

The aim of this article is to explore the economic status and the quality of life of widows in the Nordic past, based on the evidence contained in retirement contracts. Analysis of these contracts also shows the ways in which, and when, land and the authority invested in the headship of the household were transferred between generations in the Nordic countryside. After the early eighteenth century, retirement contracts became more detailed but these should be viewed not as a sign of tension between the retirees and their successors but as a family insurance strategy designed to protect the interests of younger siblings of the heir and his or her old parents, particularly if there was a danger of the property being acquired by a non-relative. Both the retirement contracts made by couples and those made by a widow alone generally guaranteed them an adequate standard of living in retirement. Widows were assured of an adequately heated room of their own, more generous provision of food than was available to many families, clothing and the right to continue to work, for example at spinning and milking, but to be excused heavy labour. However, when the land was to be retained by the family, in many cases there was no intention of establishing a separate household.

Neophilia and Old Master paintings: changes in consumer choice and the evolution of art auctions in the eighteenth century

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-389
Author(s):  
BRUNO BLONDÉ ◽  
DRIES LYNA
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Art Auctions ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Old Masters ◽  
Abundant Supply ◽  
Artistic Legacy

abstractOver the course of the eighteenth century the Austrian Netherlands witnessed the emergence of specialised art auctions. In this article we argue that both the evolution of the auctions and of the prices paid for works of art at the auctions can only be understood as a response to changes in consumer culture during the eighteenth century. Although auctions rapidly gained in importance as a commercial arena through which Old Masters could be resold in Antwerp and Brussels, the prices paid for art saw only modest movement during the 1700s, but then collapsed at the end of the century. By analysing both how local demand for art in Austrian Netherlands failed to absorb the abundant supply of paintings during this period, and how this created a flourishing export market, the study reported here maps the mechanisms that ensured the – often permanent – movement of Flanders’ artistic legacy to collections and museums abroad.

scholarly journals Reshaping of Shipping and Logistics in Smart, Green and Digital

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 3129-3135
Author(s):  
Fausta Ari Barata
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
International Market ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Maritime Logistics ◽  
The People ◽  
Transportation Service ◽  
Sea Transportation ◽  
Smart Port

The modern market has specific achievements as well as modern infrastructure. One of them is to build a smart port, environmentally friendly, and digitalization. Digitalization is part of industry 4.0, and both of them become a threat, but give opportunities to change the business and make a business model make a change. The international market has grown speedily sea transportation to become an important part on delivery goods from other countries. Sustainability sea transportation is done by providing easy access, affordability, safety, economist, reliability, infrastructure with the concept of environmentally friendly and friendly transportation service.  Nowadays the maritime logistics is to become attention for stakeholders in the logistic sector. The evolution of maritime logistics is as a new discipline has produced greater change, from increasing ping ship, increasing customer request, the changing of a support role on supply chain, and logistic. The delivery with environmentally-friendly lead to use resources and energy to transport the people and good with a ship and special attention on decreasing resources and energy to preserving global environment and environmental pollutants resulted by ship.

scholarly journals Growing Up Burney

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Clark
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Original Compositions ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Frances Burney ◽  
Family Identity ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Writing Practices ◽  
The Family

The pressure of family identity and politics affected more than one generation of Burneys. Beyond Frances Burney, and her intense relationship with her father Charles Burney, were other family members who also felt the pressure to “write & read & be literary.” These tendencies can be seen most clearly in the works of juvenilia preserved in the family archive. A commonplace book bound in vellum has been discovered that preserves more than one hundred poems, mostly original compositions written by family and friends. The activity of commonplacing reflects a community in which reading and writing are valued. Collected by the youngest sister of Frances Burney, they seem to have been copied after she married. The juvenile writings of her nieces and nephews preponderate, whose talents were encouraged, as they give versified expression to their deepest feelings and fears. Literary influences of the Romantic poets can be traced, as the young authors define themselves in relation to these materials. Reflecting a kind of self-fashioning, the commonplace book helps these young writers explore their sense of family identity through literary form. This compilation represents a collective expression of authorship which can inform us about reading and writing practices of women and their families in the eighteenth century.

scholarly journals Family presence in emergency: Attitude and belief among emergency health professionals in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Sonai Chaudhuri ◽  
G Malla ◽  
S Uprety ◽  
S Giri ◽  
AK Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Female Respondent ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Family Presence ◽  
The Family

Background: The emergency department of B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, a  700 bedded tertiary care centre provides all medical and surgical services, with easy access to patients by their family members during most of the resuscitation procedures. Complete privacy hence is not ideally maintained. Coping with emotional stress among the family members can be a gruesome experience and reactions from them can be unpredictable. Hence, health professionals are usually exposed to various emotions of the family members of these sick patients.Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study among the health professionals working in the emergency department. A sample size of 80 is taken over a period of 3 months. A semi-structured questionnaire leaflet was distributed and collected by the researcher. The attitude and belief was evaluated by 12 questions on the 5 point Liker scale and cutoff value being 3. Points less than 36 were given as negative attitude towards the family presence and more being positive.Results: Out of 80samples, 75 completed with a response rate of about 94%. The majority belonged to age group 20-29 years (70.7%) age, among profession Nurses respondents were about 56%. Male and Female respondent were about equal in numbers, qualification with undergraduate level was higher (73.3%), with an experience of less than 1year being 40%. Amongst the responders there is a positive attitude with increasing age, experience and qualification.Conclusion: The health professionals had a negative attitude towards the presence of family members during the resuscitation or invasive procedures. Hence with the ethnicity and cultural aspect of family their presence is well accepted. Health Renaissance 2015;13 (3): 152-160

DEATH RITUAL

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1013
Author(s):  
Philippe Aries
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Death Ritual ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
Hospital Team

Death in the hospital is no longer the occasion of ritual ceremony, over which the dying person presides amidst his assembled relatives and friends. Death is a technical phenomenon obtained by a cessation determined in a more or less avowed way by a decision of the doctor and the hospital team. Indeed, in the majority of cases the dying person has already lost consciousness. Death has been dissected, cut to bits by a series of little steps, which finally makes it impossible to know which step was the real death, the one in which consciousness was lost, or the one in which breathing stopped. All these little silent deaths have replaced and erased the great dramatic act of death, and no one any longer has the strength or patience to wait over a period of weeks for a moment which has lost a part of its meaning. From the end of the eighteenth century [there has been] a sentimental landslide . . . causing the initiative to pass from the dying man himself to his family . . . Today the initiative has passed from the family, as much an outside person, to the hospital team. They are the masters of death—of the moment as well as the circumstances of death.

Women Entrepreneurs and Determinants of Their Success: An Empirical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Sudarshan Maity ◽  
Tarak Nath Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lemeshow Test ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business

Using a Logistic regression model the present study investigates the important factors that influence on ease of doing business by the women entrepreneurs. The respondents are from the four different backward regions in West Bengal, India. The goodness of fit of the model is checked in terms of the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. Moreover, a large share of the women-owned business is a single person enterprise, generates lower revenues, and is smaller in size. The study shows that most women are engaged in small entrepreneurs to help their families financially. Though, women entrepreneurs are facing challenges of financing and non-cooperation from their family members. Even from non-cooperation from the family, they are engaged in entrepreneurship after managing their households’ work. The level of productivity will be enhanced significantly in case easy access to credit and support received from the family members. The support may be in terms of mental as well by helping in households’ work. Further, the application of the Welch’s t-test shows the non-existence of a significant difference in income level among the two groups, who have faced complexities and who have no complexities into running the entrepreneurship. To improve the socio-economic status of the female counterpart of the society, initiatives from the grassroots level are absolutely essential.

The Loving Community

Caritas ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 31-59
Author(s):  
Katie Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Cultural Norm ◽  
Family Household ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
A Site

Caritas was an idea with resonance across early modern Europe, but given shape and form within particular national or religious contexts. This chapter introduces how the Scottish Kirk envisioned caritas as an embodied ethic—an experience of love that was manifested in deportment, thought, feeling, and behaviour—as well as its widespread take-up as a cultural norm. It particularly highlights that the family—the holy household—was imagined as the basis of a social order founded on caritas and introduces how the idea of caritas shaped the practice of the family-household relationships in eighteenth-century Scotland. It explores how the family was located not just as a site of patriarchal discipline, but also of peace and comfort, where fighting and quarrelling (excesses of passion) should be minimized. The family-household was not formed in private, however: its loving behaviours were interpreted and given meaning by a watching community.

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