Embedding Liberalism

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Julian Germann
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Prime Objective ◽  
Social Market

This chapter traces the long-term development of German capitalism from the vantage point of uneven and combined development. It argues that Germany’s postwar social market economy was built upon an externally oriented developmental model inherited from its belated insertion into the world market, and used to enroll capital and labor in a global export offensive. The underlying vision of Germany as the workshop of an advanced industrial and newly industrializing world coincided with the postwar plans of the United States for an open, multilateral global economy. And yet the chapter cautions that the prevailing image of Germany as a liberal “trading state” (Handelsstaat) that had traded power for wealth as its prime objective fails to capture the novel ways in which the German state, from the crisis of the 1970s onward, has come to exert its influence internationally to sustain this export-led social model.

Balance-Sheet of European Social Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
José Mª Gil Robles
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Social Policy ◽  
Subsidiarity Principle ◽  
Social Market

Specific competence of the European Union in the field of social security and social protection has been quite limited, as the Member States consider these two items as core subjects of national policies and appeal earnestly to subsidiarity principle to avoid European regulation. Influence of the E.U. has nevertheless been gradually and considerably increasing through the implementation of the Community rules on the internal market and competition. European social model is the so called “social market economy”, which means, in short, an economy ruled by a market whose transparency and fairness are guaranteed and controlled by the public powers. There is the will, at European level, to be able to achieve high economic and productivity growth, necessary to fuel recovery from crisis damages, while at the same time minimising so-called social failures, such as unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. The European Union addresses these areas as a matter of common concern and has a role in facilitating the exchange of information, data, best practices and research. The balance of European policies is in overall terms rather positive from the social point of view.

scholarly journals Analysis of long-term trends of world prices for agricultural products

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 08033
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Medvedeva ◽  
Elena Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
World Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Pricing Process ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Trend Identification

The issues related to the long-term pricing process in the world market of agricultural products are discussed in the paper. It is noted that international trade of agro-industrial products, namely the fishery commodities, is one of the key components of the global economy. A detailed analysis of export prices for agricultural products was carried out along with the current trend identification. It is noted that a qualitative analysis of long-term trends of changes of world prices for agricultural products, namely fishery products, can serve as a basis for strategic forecasting of development of the most important sectors of the Russian economy.

scholarly journals German Politics and Government

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise K. Davidson-Schmich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
Prior History ◽  
German Politics ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Social Market

Due to Germany’s prior history of foreign aggression, its important role in the contemporary global economy, and its unique social market economy, the post–World War II German political system has been widely studied by both German- and English-speaking scholars. This article begins by outlining some general overviews of German politics and history as well as textbooks and academic journals covering the subject. It also includes links to leading German-language news sources. It then turns its attention to German political institutions and depicts treatments of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government followed by studies of multilevel governance at the European, state, and local levels. The subsequent section delves into the important role played by political parties in Germany; this section also explores treatments of individual parties. Then the bibliography covers the German electoral system, voting behavior, and specific national elections. It then covers scholarly treatments of the political elites. The discussion then turns away from formal political institutions and leaders toward the societal influences on them. This portion of the article begins by examining literature on political culture, immigration, and social movements in Germany. The final portion of the bibliography focuses on interest groups and policy making in a number of areas, including economic and foreign policy.

scholarly journals Contemporary Trends in the Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the World

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 108-131
Author(s):  
Sławomir Dorocki
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
High Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Economic Development

The pharmaceutical industry remains today a prominent high-technology sector of the economy,and consistently maintains its competitiveness on the world market at a very high level. Similarly to aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing and the electro-energy industry, pharmaceutical industry belongs to a group of innovative high-technology industries, which are based on scientific research results processed for industrial activities. The purpose of this study is to present and analyse global trends currently observed in the pharmaceutical industry in the world. In an era of increasing globalization, new prime movers of the development of the pharmaceutical industry are the countries from peripheralregions, mainly members of the BRICS group. For this reason, this article focuses on the emerging Asian and Latin American markets, next to the United States and countries of Western Europe. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Brazil and China deemed the stimulation of the pharmaceutical industry one of the prime determinants of their future economic development. The following paper at first presents characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry products: innovative and generic medicines, medications available without prescription, biological agents, biosimilars and pharmaceutical substrates. Furthermore, the author specifies the properties and rates the dynamics of changes that are taking place in the global pharmaceutical market, while explaining the specifics of the relocation of the pharmaceutical industry. By comparing the number of publications in the field of pharmacy in selected countries of the world, the author confirmed the increasing importance of this industry on the global economy. In the last part of the article, the author presents the structure, number and distribution of clinical trials on a global scale. To illustrate the trends currently taking place in the development of the pharmaceutical industry, the author used raw statistical data in the field of pharmacology and literature on the subject.

scholarly journals Globalisation or regionalism? States, markets and the structure of international trade

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Pelagidis ◽  
Harry Papasotiriou
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Trading System ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Substantial Degree

The structure of international trade is determined not only by market forces, but also by the political objectives of states. Weak states participate least in the open international trading system. The strong states that do participate channel trade largely within regional trading blocks. The major states in Europe and East Asia have an incentive to diminish their dependence on the hegemonic power, that is, the United States, which has reacted with its own regionalism (NAFTA). Moreover, regionalism is interpreted as a strategy that reduces states' exposure to major shocks in the global economy. Additionally, it permits them to support weak sectors of their economies at a regional level without entirely undermining the long-term growth benefits of international trade, since a substantial degree of autarky is more feasible and efficient at a regional rather than at the national level.

scholarly journals Features and Prospects of Building a Two-Contour Monetary and Financial System at the National and Regional Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
E. A. Zvonova ◽  
A. V. Kuznetsov ◽  
V. Ya. Pishchik ◽  
S. N. Silvestrov
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
Dialectical Approach ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Social Market

Topic. The aggravation of geopolitical, environmental and social risks creates new uncertainty in international economic relations. The challenges of the fourth industrial revolution reinforced the monetary, financial and commercial-industrial confrontation between the old and new leaders of the global economy in an effort to maximize individual access to global financial, informational, natural, intellectual and technological resources. In the course of toughening global competition, the USA, as the issuer of the key reserve currency, continues to use the “exorbitant privilege” — extracting investment and financial rent from the global turnover of goods and services. The need to ensure economic security and maintain financial sovereignty in the context of ongoing economic sanctions encourages Russia to actively participate in the creation of a payment and settlement infrastructure independent of the US dollar.Purpose. The article aims to summarise the experience of managing the economy based on the two-contour monetary system; secondly, to justify its use in creating an independent system of mutual settlements in the EAEU countries in the context of de-globalization and sanctions.Methodology. In the study, we applied a dialectical approach. In conducting the study, we used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as methods of systemic, historical-logical and comparative analysis. Results. The functioning of a two-contour monetary system as a whole yielded positive and in some cases outstanding results of socio-economic construction and the creation of a new type of economy, such as, for example, the European model of the social market economy, the CMEA industrialization model, the Soviet economic model. A non-standard approach to the organization of financing of new industrialization in the Eurasian economic space was proposed based on the use of a two-contour monetary system. Conclusions. The implementation of the project of cross-border settlements between the EAEU countries using the experience of a two-contour monetary system is a promising direction for the development of cooperation between Eurasian countries on a new economic basis.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 Crisis: Implications for the Development and Growth of Agricultural Sector in EU countries and Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Baira Faulks ◽  
Song Yinghua
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Demand Changes ◽  
National Economies

The COVID-19 crisis impacted negatively sustainable growth and the wellbeing of businesses and national economies. The economic outlook of 2020 and 2021 reflects a slowdown in the global economy, with poverty and unemployment rates ascending, national debts growing, and fiscal and monetary burden increasing. All the sectors of the economy have been affected across all of the EU countries, including the agricultural sector. Coronavirus posed unprecedented challenges for the agricultural sector, ranging from a labour shortage to demand changes. Lockdowns caused immense disturbances in farmers’ supply chains, causing them to doubt their long-term viability. Due to the social distancing and restrictions on social gatherings, marketplaces either closed or were devoid of customers. At the same time, the agricultural sector has proved quite resilient during the COVID-19 crisis. In this paper, we discuss the challenges which the agricultural sector has faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and suggest that further growth and development can be sustained through innovation, more precisely, digital technology. The current conceptual research contributes to the body by exploring the effect of the novel COVID-19 virus on national economies and especially the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Thoughts on the Teaching Reform of Economic Law Courses for Economic Management Majors

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Yuanzhao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
Teaching Goals ◽  
Social Market

With the continuous progress and development of the global economy, the teaching quality of economic law courses in economics and management in colleges and universities has also received close attention. Colleges and universities, as the transportation base of professional and applied high-quality talents, not only Real-time innovative teaching strategies are needed to improve the actual effects of classroom teaching, and more scientific and reasonable teaching goals must be formulated according to the development situation of the modern social market economy, and more targeted to cultivate talents with high literacy in line with the development of modern society to meet the economic development needs of modern society as much as possible.

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