scholarly journals Contemporary Trends in the Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the World

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 108-131
Author(s):  
Sławomir Dorocki
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
High Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Economic Development

The pharmaceutical industry remains today a prominent high-technology sector of the economy,and consistently maintains its competitiveness on the world market at a very high level. Similarly to aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing and the electro-energy industry, pharmaceutical industry belongs to a group of innovative high-technology industries, which are based on scientific research results processed for industrial activities. The purpose of this study is to present and analyse global trends currently observed in the pharmaceutical industry in the world. In an era of increasing globalization, new prime movers of the development of the pharmaceutical industry are the countries from peripheralregions, mainly members of the BRICS group. For this reason, this article focuses on the emerging Asian and Latin American markets, next to the United States and countries of Western Europe. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Brazil and China deemed the stimulation of the pharmaceutical industry one of the prime determinants of their future economic development. The following paper at first presents characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry products: innovative and generic medicines, medications available without prescription, biological agents, biosimilars and pharmaceutical substrates. Furthermore, the author specifies the properties and rates the dynamics of changes that are taking place in the global pharmaceutical market, while explaining the specifics of the relocation of the pharmaceutical industry. By comparing the number of publications in the field of pharmacy in selected countries of the world, the author confirmed the increasing importance of this industry on the global economy. In the last part of the article, the author presents the structure, number and distribution of clinical trials on a global scale. To illustrate the trends currently taking place in the development of the pharmaceutical industry, the author used raw statistical data in the field of pharmacology and literature on the subject.

scholarly journals Import substitution strategies in the global economy: lessons for Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-402
Author(s):  
A. Sh. Subhonberdiev ◽  
A. N. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
The World

The world experience of implementation of import substitution strategy is being studied; reveals the essence of the main models; Identify those aspects that will prove useful in modern Russian conditions. The development of import-substituting industries according to the intra-oriented strategy is carried out in order to develop exclusively the domestic market of the country. From the point of view of the national economy, this strategy leads to the preservation of the backlog, primarily in the field of technological and scientific-technical cooperation and prevents the emergence of industries in the economy-locomotives that can ensure the world level of progress. The use of this model of import substitution has become a determining trend in the development of the so-called new industrial countries (NIS).The intra-oriented strategy of import substitution plays a stimulating role in creating a diversified national economy, expanding the production of important goods on its own. The conceptual basis for the implementation of this strategy was the theory of the peripheral economy, developed by a group of Latin American scientists headed by the Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission. According to this concept, the demand for products. The use of the designated model of import substitution has become a trend of development of the so-called new industrial countries of Latin America. Another option for the implementation of import substitution policy can be a strategy of foreign-oriented import substitution, which is characterized by the achievement of structural changes in the economy through the replacement of imported components and parts in export products. Implementation of import-substituting policy, according to this model, involves the development of production of national goods on a sufficiently large domestic market, followed by their promotion on the world market.

The Pharmaceutical Industry: A Further Study in Corporate Power

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned McCraine ◽  
Martin J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Interlocking Directorates ◽  
Global Expansion ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The World ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Strategy And Structure

This article represents an updated version of previous research conducted on the United States pharmaceutical industry. The unstated purpose of this article is to present new findings which supplement the earlier research. This article describes three aspects of the United States pharmaceutical industry: its strategy and structure within the world market, its global expansion beyond the territorial boundaries of the United States, and its interlocking directorates with banking institutions. The thesis presented here is twofold: first, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly integrated into larger and more heterogeneous production units operating on the world market; and second, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly linked to large United States banking firms through interlocking directorates.

scholarly journals Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEANDRO PRADOS DE LA ESCOSURA
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractIn this paper the economic performance of post-independence Latin America is assessed in comparative perspective. The release from the colonial fiscal burden was partly offset by higher costs of self-government, while the opening of independent Latin American countries to the international economy represented a handmaiden of growth. Regional disparities increased after independence, so generalisations about the region's long-run behaviour are not straightforward. However, on average, per capita income grew in Latin America, and although the region fell behind compared with the United States and Western Europe, it improved or maintained its position relative to the rest of the world. Thus the term ‘lost decades’ appears an unwarranted depiction of the period between 1820 and 1870.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
E. V. YANUSIK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Energy Consumption

The article discusses the main prerequisites for the development of nuclear energy in the global econo-my, also defines nuclear energy and discusses the structure of global energy consumption. The article proves that the crucial prerequisite for the development of nuclear energy in the world market is the economic efficiency of nuclear power plants.

scholarly journals Do Callable Convertibles Support The Investment Process Of A Company? An Analysis Of The World Market Of Hybrid Debt

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Damian Kaźmierczak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Convertible Bonds ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
The World ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
A Company

Using a sample of 1,705 convertible bonds issued by manufacturing and service companies from the United States (1,138 issues); Europe (270); and Asia (297) between 2004 and 2014 this paper investigates the role of callable convertibles in the corporate investment process. This research shows first that callable convertibles are used to finance investment projects particularly by American firms which may exercise new investment options to improve poor financial performance. Secondly, the same strategy may be followed by European companies, but they seem not to carry out investments on as large a scale as American firms. Thirdly, the research results do not provide evidence that Asian enterprises use callable convertibles for investment purposes: they likely use these instruments for different reasons.

United States and Its Challenge to Multilateralism in the Global Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-419
Author(s):  
Krishnakumar S.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Foreign Exchange Market ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Merchandise Trade

With Donald Trump as President of United States, multilateralism in the world economy is facing an unprecedented challenge. The international economic institutions that have evolved since the fifties are increasingly under the risk of being undermined. With the growing assertion of the emerging and developing economies in the international fora, United States is increasingly sceptical of its ability to maneuvre such institutions to suit its own purpose. This is particularly true with respect to WTO, based on “one country one vote” system. The tariff rate hikes initiated by the leader country in the recent past pose a serious challenge to the multilateral trading system. The paper tries to undertake a critical overview of the US pre-occupation of targeting economies on the basis of the bilateral merchandise trade surpluses of countries, through the trade legislations like Omnibus Act and Trade Facilitation Act. These legislations not only ignore the growing share of the United States in the growing invisibles trade in the world economy, but also read too much into the bilateral trade surpluses of economies with United States and the intervention done by them in the foreign exchange market.

scholarly journals The world market for soybeans: price transmission into Brazil and effects from the timing of crop and trade

Nova Economia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario A. Margarido ◽  
Frederico A. Turolla ◽  
Carlos R. F. Bueno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forecast Error ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Price Transmission ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Cointegration Tests ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

This paper investigates the price transmission in the world market for soybeans using time series econometrics models. The theoretical model developed by Mundlack and Larson (1992) is based on the Law of the One Price, which assumes price equalization across all local markets in the long run and allows for deviations in the short run. The international market was characterized by three relevant soybean prices: Rotterdam Port, Argentina and the United States. The paper estimates the elasticity of transmission of these prices into soybean prices in Brazil. There were carried causality and cointegration tests in order to identify whether there is significant long-term relationship among these variables. There was also calculated the impulse-response function and forecast error variance decomposition to analyze the transmission of variations in the international prices over Brazilian prices. An exogeneity test was also carried out so as to check whether the variables respond to short term deviations from equilibrium values. Results validated the Law of the One Price in the long run. In line with many studies, this paper showed that Brazil and Argentina can be seen as price takers as long as the speed of their adjustment to shocks is faster than in the United States, the latter being a price maker.

International Sugar Council

1951 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-416
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Special Committee ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
One Year ◽  
Preliminary Draft

A meeting of the International Sugar Council was held in London, June 26 to July 20, 1950. The meeting was attended by delegates of Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, France, Haiti, Indonesia, the Netherlands, Peru, Philippine Republic, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, and the United States. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the world situation in sugar and the proposal for a new international sugar agreement. The council adopted a protocol which extended the international sugar agreement of 1937 one year from August 31, 1950. During 1950, the council created a special committee to 1) study the changing sugar situation as it related to the need or desirability for negotiating a new agreement, and 2) report to the council, as occasion might arise, on its findings and recommendations as to the possible basis of a new agreement. The special committee prepared a document which set forth certain proposals in the form of a preliminary draft agreement. The draft agreement included six fundamental bases: 1) the regulation of exports, 2) the stabilization of sugar prices on the world market, 3) a solution to the currency problem, 4) the limitation of sugar production by importing countries, 5) measures to increase consumption of sugar and 6) the treatment of non-signatory countries. The draft was then considered by the council at its meeting on July 20 at which time the council decided to submit it to member and observer governments for comments and to transmit such comments for consideration at a meeting of the special committee.

scholarly journals The Current Trends in Marketing Research in the Tourism Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (513) ◽  
pp. 450-459
Author(s):  
N. I. Yurchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
World Market ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Travel Agents ◽  
The World

Currently, the tourism industry continues to outpace the global economy despite deteriorating global economic prospects, tensions in international trade, social worries, geopolitical uncertainty, instability and the COVID-19 pandemic. The article is aimed at identifying modern trends of marketing research as part of the complex of marketing instruments in the tourism sphere. To achieve this aim, the article uses the following research methods: abstract-logical; situational analysis; mean, absolute and relative values; comparison, graphic, sociological; statistical analysis; economic-mathematical; expert surveys and estimations. Based on the data of the World Tourism Organization, the indicators of development of the world market of tourist services are analyzed. Performed were the following: analysis of the dynamics of the number of subjects of tourism activity (tour operators and travel agents) in Ukraine; total average number of full-time employees; income from the provision of tourist services; operating expenses for the provision of tourist services; number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents in Ukraine. The content of marketing research is disclosed as a multi-stage process, which should include the collection, registration and analysis of data in the sphere of tourism business. Marketing researches should be conducted according to 8 stages: determining the problem; development of the concept of research; cabinet marketing research; field market research; analysis of market conditions (supply and demand); research of foreign markets; simulation modeling; formation of a marketing information system. In order to determine the rating of tour operators of the mass segment of the tourism market in 2020, a questionnaire containing 16 questions is specified. Its results can be used when evaluating tour operators in terms of customer comfort and cooperation with travel agents. It is proved that marketing research in the tourism industry is advisable to be carried out systematically. This will provide for substantiating and elaborating managerial solutions in order to maximize the satisfaction of the needs of consumers of tourist services and solve the problems of significant seasonal fluctuations in demand.

Liberalism since the Cold War: an enemy to itself?

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEOFFREY HAWTHORN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Regional Development Banks

Many expected that after the Cold War, there would be peace, order, increasing prosperity in expanding markets and the extension and eventual consolidation of civil and political rights. There would be a new world order, and it would in these ways be liberal. In international politics, the United States would be supreme. It would through security treaties command the peace in western Europe and east Asia; through its economic power command it in eastern Europe and Russia; through clients and its own domination command it in the Middle East; through tacit understanding command it in Latin America; and, in so far as any state could, command it in Africa also. It could choose whether to cooperate in the United Nations, and if it did not wish to do so, be confident that it would not be disablingly opposed by illiberal states. In the international markets, it would be able to maintain holdings of its bonds. In the international financial institutions, it would continue to be decisive in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; it would be an important influence in the regional development banks; and it would be powerful in what it was to insist in 1994 should be called the World (rather than Multinational) Trade Organisation. Other transactions in the markets, it is true, would be beyond the control of any state. But they would not be likely to conflict with the interests of the United States (and western Europe) in finance, investment and trade, and would discipline other governments.

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