The Mechanics of Machining at the Microscale: Assessment of the Current State of the Science

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Liu ◽  
R. E. DeVor ◽  
S. G. Kapoor ◽  
K. F. Ehmann
Keyword(s):  
Multiscale Modeling ◽  
Chip Thickness ◽  
Mechanistic Modeling ◽  
Thickness Effect ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Current State ◽  
Modeling Studies ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Methods ◽  
Microstructure Effects ◽  
State Of The Science

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature, mostly of the last 10–15 years, that is enhancing our understanding of the mechanics of the rapidly growing field of micromachining. The paper focuses on the mechanics of the process, discussing both experimental and modeling studies, and includes some work that, while not directly focused on micromachining, provides important insights to the field. Experimental work includes the size effect and minimum chip thickness effect, elastic-plastic deformation, and microstructure effects in micromachining. Modeling studies include molecular dynamics methods, finite element methods, mechanistic modeling work, and the emerging field of multiscale modeling. Some comments on future needs and directions are also offered.

scholarly journals Abdominopelvic ectopic spleen with a comprehensive imaging examination: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 030006052110005
Author(s):  
Hao Guo ◽  
Xinru Ba ◽  
Peiyou Gong ◽  
Guangzhi Wang ◽  
Heng Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Anatomical Position ◽  
Ectopic Spleen ◽  
Current State ◽  
Imaging Examination ◽  
Upper Abdomen ◽  
State Of The Field

Ectopic spleen is a rare clinical malformation in which the spleen is relocated from its normal anatomical position to other parts of the abdomen. We report a rare case of abdominopelvic ectopic spleen caused by splenic ligament deficiency. A patient experienced intermittent pain in the left upper abdomen that was progressively aggravated. This was confirmed by comprehensive imaging examinations and postoperative pathology. We also performed a review of the literature on the current state of the field. Our data may help to improve the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic spleen.

Mechanistic Modeling of the Ball End Milling Process for Multi-Axis Machining of Free-Form Surfaces

2000 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rixin Zhu ◽  
Shiv G. Kapoor ◽  
Richard E. DeVor
Keyword(s):  
End Milling ◽  
Chip Thickness ◽  
Mechanistic Modeling ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
Workpiece Surface ◽  
Ball End Milling ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Free Form Surfaces ◽  
Cutting Point

A mechanistic modeling approach to predicting cutting forces is developed for multi-axis ball end milling of free-form surfaces. The workpiece surface is represented by discretized point vectors. The modeling approach employs the cutting edge profile in either analytical or measured form. The engaged cut geometry is determined by classification of the elemental cutting point positions with respect to the workpiece surface. The chip load model determines the undeformed chip thickness distribution along the cutting edges with consideration of various process faults. Given a 5-axis tool path in a cutter location file, shape driving profiles are generated and piecewise ruled surfaces are used to construct the tool swept envelope. The tool swept envelope is then used to update the workpiece surface geometry employing the Z-map method. A series of 3-axis and 5-axis surface machining tests on Ti6A14V were conducted to validate the model. The model shows good computational efficiency, and the force predictions are found in good agreement with the measured data.

What’s So Special about the Developing Immune System?

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Ann Burns-Naas ◽  
Kenneth L. Hastings ◽  
Gregory S. Ladics ◽  
Susan L. Makris ◽  
George A. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
Developmental Immunotoxicity ◽  
Nonhuman Species

The evolution of the subdiscipline of developmental immunotoxicology (DIT) as it exists today has been shaped by significant regulatory pressures as well as key scientific advances. This review considers the role played by legislation to protect children’s health, and on the emergence of immunotoxcity and developmental immunotoxicity guidelines, as well as providing some context to the need for special attention on DIT by considering the evidence that the developing immune system may have unique susceptibilities when compared to the adult immune system. Understanding the full extent of this potential has been complicated by a paucity of data detailing the development of the immune system during critical life stages as well as by the complexities of comparisons across species. Notably, there are differences between humans and nonhuman species used in toxicity testing that include specific differences relative to the timing of the development of the immune system as well as more general anatomic differences, and these differences must be factored into the interpretation of DIT studies. Likewise, understanding how the timing of the immune development impacts on various immune parameters is critical to the design of DIT studies, parameters most extensively characterized to date in young adult animals. Other factors important to DIT, which are considered in this review, are the recognition that effects other than suppression (e.g., allergy and autoimmunity) are important; the need to improve our understanding of how to assess the potential for DIT in humans; and the role that pathology has played in DIT studies in test animals. The latter point receives special emphasis in this review because pathology evaluations have been a major component of standard nonclinical toxicology studies, and could serve an important role in studies to evaluate DIT. This possibility is very consistent with recommendations to incorporate a DIT evaluation into standard developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) protocols. The overall objective of this review is to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the current state-of-the-science of DIT. Despite significant progress, DIT is still evolving and it is our hope that this review will advance the science.

scholarly journals An Overview of Tools for Collecting Data on Software Development and Debugging Processes from Integrated Development Environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
О. O Zhevaho
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Integrated Development Environment ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
Integrated Development Environments ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Usage Data

Purpose. This paper presents the findings of a review of the literature published in the twenty-first century in order to identify and analyze the current state of tools that track developer interactions with integrated development environments, as well as to recommend future research directions based on the actual state. Methodology. By systematically searching in five digital libraries we conducted a systematic review of the literature on data collection tools from integrated development environments published in the twenty-first century. Fifty-five papers were selected as primary studies. Findings. 55 articles were analyzed and the findings show that using an integrated development environment to collect usage data provides more insight into developer activities than it was previously possible. Usage data allows us to analyze how developers spend their time. With usage data, you can learn more about how developers create mental models, investigate code, conduct mini-experiments through trial and error, and what can help everyone improve performance. The research community continues to be highly active in developing tools to track developer activity. The findings indicate that more research is needed in this area to better understand and measure programmer behavior. Originality. For the first time, systematization and analysis of tools for tracking programmer's behavior in an integrated development environment have been carried out. Practical value. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the current state of research on programmer behavior in integrated development environments. An analysis of the study can help define a research agenda as a starting point for the creation of a novel practical tool.

scholarly journals Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Sharmeen M.Saleem Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Siddeeq Y. Ameen Ameen ◽  
Mohammed Mohammed sadeeq ◽  
Subhi Zeebaree
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Affective Computing ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Multimodal Signals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Multimodal Emotion Recognition ◽  
New Research ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
Facial Images

New research into human-computer interaction seeks to consider the consumer's emotional status to provide a seamless human-computer interface. This would make it possible for people to survive and be used in widespread fields, including education and medicine. Multiple techniques can be defined through human feelings, including expressions, facial images, physiological signs, and neuroimaging strategies. This paper presents a review of emotional recognition of multimodal signals using deep learning and comparing their applications based on current studies. Multimodal affective computing systems are studied alongside unimodal solutions as they offer higher accuracy of classification. Accuracy varies according to the number of emotions observed, features extracted, classification system and database consistency. Numerous theories on the methodology of emotional detection and recent emotional science address the following topics. This would encourage studies to understand better physiological signals of the current state of the science and its emotional awareness problems.

Child Psychiatry and Pediatrics: The State of the Relationship

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-620
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Anders
Keyword(s):  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
The State ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pediatric Inpatient ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inpatient Units ◽  
And Training

A great deal of attention has been focused on the notion that child psychiatry and pediatrics should develop strong ties. Yet, a review of the literature suggests that, in spite of exhortations to the contrary, little true collaboration has developed between the two disciplines. This study surveys the major pediatric teaching and training centers throughout the country in an attempt to assess the current state of the relationship between child psychiatry and pediatrics. Of the 82 centers surveyed, 68% responded. Although enthusiasm and desire for closer collaboration were expressed repeatedly, actual successful efforts remain minimal. Psychiatric consultations on pediatric inpatient units continue to be the predominant child psychiatry service provided. A method for achieving closer relationships between the two disciplines is proposed.

scholarly journals ALS drug development guidances and trial guidelines

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsy A. Andrews ◽  
Lucie I. Bruijn ◽  
Jeremy M. Shefner
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
External Input ◽  
Draft Guidance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
State Of The Science

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a draft guidance for drug development in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that was issued in February 2018. The FDA draft guidance considered the recommendations developed by the ALS community that incorporated the views of a large group of clinical investigators, industry representatives, advocacy groups, patients, and caregivers. This external input from the ALS community reviewed the current state of clinical research in ALS, made suggestions over a wide range of drug development topics, and served as an educational tool to provide the agency with additional inputs about ALS, the state of the science, and the community's views on key topics. In parallel to this effort, there was an independent effort to revise and update the ALS Clinical Trial Guidelines. We discuss the areas of agreement of these 3 documents and the areas that provide opportunities to improve the efficiency of drug development in ALS. It is likely that further research into biomarkers, efficacy endpoints, and predictive algorithms will provide greater alignment among community stakeholders and increase clarity on drug development efforts going forward. Continued patient engagement and inclusion of patient experience data in every aspect of the drug development process will further facilitate the approval of new treatments.

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