Mechanism Schemes in Teaching: A Historical Overview

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ceccarelli
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Design ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Teaching Approaches ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Over Time

This paper considers the teaching aspect in the evolution of mechanisms and machines drawing with the aim to recognize developments and changes in the teaching approaches of what we now call Theory of Mechanisms. The evolution of mechanism schemes has been reviewed through significant examples drawn from a few authors, who have been selected to point out basic historical developments. It is worth noting that over time mechanism design teaching has been strongly restricted to fundamentals and past methodologies so that generally current schemes for designing have not been and were not included in regular teaching curricula.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Geslani
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Indian Religion

The introduction reviews the historiographic problem of the relation between fire sacrifice (yajña) and image worship (pūjā), which have traditionally been seen as opposing ritual structures serving to undergird the distinction of “Vedic” and “Hindu.” Against such an icono- and theocentric approach, it proposes a history of the priesthood in relation to royal power, centering on the relationship between the royal chaplain (purohita) and astrologer (sāṃvatsara) as a crucial, unexplored development in early Indian religion. In order to capture these historical developments, it outlines a method for the comparative study of ritual forms over time.

From Monetary to Nonmonetary Mechanism Design via Artificial Currencies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Gorokh ◽  
Siddhartha Banerjee ◽  
Krishnamurthy Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mechanism Design ◽  
Real World ◽  
Price Of Anarchy ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Artificial Currency

Nonmonetary mechanisms for repeated allocation and decision making are gaining widespread use in many real-world settings. Our aim in this work is to study the performance and incentive properties of simple mechanisms based on artificial currencies in such settings. To this end, we make the following contributions: For a general allocation setting, we provide two black-box approaches to convert any one-shot monetary mechanism to a dynamic nonmonetary mechanism using an artificial currency that simultaneously guarantees vanishing gains from nontruthful reporting over time and vanishing losses in performance. The two mechanisms trade off between their applicability and their computational and informational requirements. Furthermore, for settings with two agents, we show that a particular artificial currency mechanism also results in a vanishing price of anarchy.

Trends in the drawing of mechanisms since the early Middle Ages

2001 ◽  
Vol 215 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ceccarelli ◽  
M Cigola
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Design ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Historic Background

Drawing of mechanisms is a fundamental tool for mechanical design and representation. In this paper a historical study on the evolution of representation of mechanisms has been carried out in order to establish the historic background and identify the progress over time. Investigating several authors has identified basic changes in the evolution of mechanism drawing, and a few examples are reported in this paper to stress the main concepts. The drawing of mechanisms has evolved from an intentionally incomplete representation to a naturalistic and pictorial view, then from concise sketches and kinematic diagrams to modern abstract graphic pictures. The development of mechanism drawing has been strongly linked with and affected by the evolution of knowledge in mechanical sciences and particularly mechanism design.

scholarly journals Fluency: an aim in teaching and a criterion in assessment

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aud Marit Simensen
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
School System ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Assessment Criterion ◽  
Classroom Activities ◽  
Teaching Objectives ◽  
Over Time

This article investigates the concept ‘fluency’ from different perspectives. When fluency is an aim in teaching, a thorough comprehension of the concept among teachers is a prerequisite for appropriate planning of instruction, including the choice of appropriate classroom activities. When fluency is an assessment criterion, it is even more important that examiners have a shared perception of the concept. The present article starts by presenting common perceptions of the concept and goes on to explore some of the current research. Next, it provides a historical overview of the place of fluency in teaching theory and explains some of the preconditions for the inclusion of this concept among teaching objectives and assessment criteria. It will also, as an illustration, give an outline of the position of the concept over time in the Norwegian school system on the basis of an analysis of the relevant syllabuses. Finally, the article explicates the notion of language use as a complex cognitive skill and explores current method¬ological ideas about teaching towards fluency.

Metaphors of Confinement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Fludernik
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
African Literature ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Fictional Representations ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

Metaphors of Confinement: The Prison in Fact, Fiction, and Fantasy focuses on a historical survey of our imaginings of the prison as expressed in carceral metaphors that occur in great numbers in texts about imprisonment from Antiquity to the present but are also used to describe many non-penal situations as confining or restrictive. These imaginings are argued to coalesce into a ‘carceral imaginary’ that determines the way we think about prisons, just as social debates about punishment and criminals feed into the way our carceral imaginary develops over time. The book juxtaposes literary and non-literary contexts and contrasts fictional and non-fictional representations of (im)prison(ment) and discussions about the prison as institution and experiential reality. It comments on present-day trends of punitivity and foregrounds the ethical dimensions of penal punishment. The main argument of the book concerns the continuity of carceral metaphors through the centuries despite historical developments that included major shifts in policy (like the invention of the penitentiary). The study looks at selected carceral metaphors, often from two complementary perspectives, such as the home as prison or the prison as home (Chapter 4) or the factory as prison and the prison as factory (Chapter 7). Within chapters, case studies of particularly relevant genres and texts employing these metaphors are presented, often from a historical perspective in which their development through several periods is analysed. The book examines not only English-language prose fiction but also poetry and drama from the Middle Ages to postcolonial, particularly African, literature.

scholarly journals Reinforcement Mechanism Design: With Applications to Dynamic Pricing in Sponsored Search Auctions

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 2236-2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiran Shen ◽  
Binghui Peng ◽  
Hanpeng Liu ◽  
Michael Zhang ◽  
Ruohan Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Design ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Sponsored Search ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sponsored Search Auctions ◽  
Reserve Prices ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

In many social systems in which individuals and organizations interact with each other, there can be no easy laws to govern the rules of the environment, and agents' payoffs are often influenced by other agents' actions. We examine such a social system in the setting of sponsored search auctions and tackle the search engine's dynamic pricing problem by combining the tools from both mechanism design and the AI domain. In this setting, the environment not only changes over time, but also behaves strategically. Over repeated interactions with bidders, the search engine can dynamically change the reserve prices and determine the optimal strategy that maximizes the profit. We first train a buyer behavior model, with a real bidding data set from a major search engine, that predicts bids given information disclosed by the search engine and the bidders' performance data from previous rounds. We then formulate the dynamic pricing problem as an MDP and apply a reinforcement-based algorithm that optimizes reserve prices over time. Experiments demonstrate that our model outperforms static optimization strategies including the ones that are currently in use as well as several other dynamic ones.

Historical Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Keyword(s):  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Hashimoto Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Japanese Surgeon ◽  
Over Time

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is part of the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases characterized by the destruction of thyroid cells by various cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes. It was first described by the Japanese surgeon Hakaru Hashimoto (1981-1934). It was not until 1956 when a link between antibodies to thyroid cells present in the serum of patients and HT was made. Over time, our understanding of the immunologic pathways involved in HT has evolved. We now recognize the association of this disease with other autoimmune diseases and thyroid cancer. The increasing use of the needle biopsy and serologic tests for antibodies have led to much more frequent recognition, and there is reason to believe that it may be increasing in frequency. It is now one of the most common thyroid disorders. This chapter gives a historical overview of Hashimoto's disease.

Declarations of War in Interstate War

Wars of Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 72-108
Author(s):  
Tanisha M. Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
Over Time

This chapter asks: why have states stopped issuing formal declarations of war in interstate war? The chapter begins with an historical overview of the use of declarations of war, then moves to an empirical analysis based on original quantitative data and primary qualitative data. The main hypothesis of the chapter, which is supported by the data, is that states avoid declaring war because they want to avoid the legal liability of complying with the laws of war as those laws have proliferated over time.

scholarly journals Gastromania on italian tv

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Giannitrapani
Keyword(s):  
Historical Overview ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way ◽  
At Home

By turning on the TV, at any time of the day or night, one can comeacross programs in which food is the undisputed protagonist. Actually, thepresence of food on TV is not a contemporary phenomenon, but it goesback to the origins of television. Over time, the way of narrating food hasbeen transformed, as well as the role attributed to it and the values (gastronomicand social) associated to it.In this paper, after having traced a historical overview of Italian foodtelevision programming, we focus on the analysis of four recent programs.The objective is to understand how settings, rhythmic and temporal scansion,and the distribution of roles among the various actors involved configurenarratives with well-structured mechanisms and convey differentways of understanding cooking, the role of the chef, and the relationshipwith the audience at home.

A Brief History of Modern Endocrinology and Definitions of a True Hormone

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Bahadoran ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
Fereidoun Azizi ◽  
Asghar Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Chemical Signaling ◽  
Classical Definition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Chemical Messengers

Background and Objective: An overview of the history of endocrinology indicates that definitions of some initially developed concepts, including the term ‘hormone’ have been changed over time. This review provides a historical overview of current definitions of ‘hormone’ and the criteria of a true hormone. In addition, a brief history of hormone-related concepts and their transformation over time are discussed. Results: Classically, a hormone is a chemical substance secreted into the bloodstream and acts on distant tissues, usually in a regulatory fashion. Several newly discovered bioregulators and chemical signaling molecules are far from the classical definition of a true hormone and could not fulfill many relevant criteria. Major developments in the field of endocrinology accompanied by the complex terminology, currently used to describe hormonal actions of chemical messengers, underscore the need of the revision of such classical concepts. Conclusion: Complex terminology currently used to describe different hormonal actions of chemical messengers, suggests that it is time to conceptualize the term hormone and revise its classical definition.

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