Impact of Orifice Angle Configurations on the Droplet Atomization Enhancement of Diesel Fuel in a Group-Hole Nozzle

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Kyu Suh ◽  
Chang Sik Lee
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Spray Tip Penetration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Atomization Characteristics ◽  
Spray Velocity ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents the effect of orifice configuration on the droplet atomization characteristics of diesel fuel injected through different types of group-hole nozzle angles, which are converged (θ=−3 deg), parallel (θ=0 deg), and diverged (θ=+3 deg) orifices in atmospheric pressure and room temperature condition (0.1 MPa, 293 K). It was revealed that the parallel hole nozzle has the largest Sauter mean diameter (SMD) value and both sprays from diverged and converged hole nozzles show better atomization. A comparison of spray tip penetration illustrates that as the orifice angle is converged, spray tip penetration becomes longer, and it must be the reason for the fast spray velocity. These results can confirm the relationship among time, distance, and velocity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the droplet atomization enhancement can be expected in the converged nozzle spray rather than in the parallel and diverged nozzle sprays based on the results of smaller SMD, faster velocity, better air utilization, and higher percentage of small size of droplets in the measuring area.

scholarly journals Detection of mRNA by Reverse Transcription-PCR as an Indicator of Viability in Escherichia coliCells

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1313-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. C. Sheridan ◽  
C. I. Masters ◽  
J. A. Shallcross ◽  
B. M. Mackey
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cellular Viability ◽  
Ethanol Treatment ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The relationship between the detection of mRNA and cellular viability in Escherichia coli was investigated in cells killed by heat or ethanol. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods were developed for detecting mRNA from rpoH,groEL, and tufA genes. mRNA from all three genes was detected immediately after the cells had been killed by heat or ethanol but gradually disappeared with time when dead cells were held at room temperature. In heat-killed cells, some mRNA targets became undetectable after 2 to 16 h, whereas after ethanol treatment, mRNA was still detected after 16 h. In contrast, 16S rRNA was detected by RT-PCR in all samples containing dead cells and did not disappear during a subsequent incubation of 16 h at room temperature. Of the different types of nucleic acid, mRNA is the most promising candidate for an indicator of viability in bacteria, but its persistence in dead cells depends on the inactivating treatment and subsequent holding conditions.

scholarly journals Morphological Variations of the Cemento-Enamel Junction in Permanent Dentition / Morfološke varijacije cementno gleđnog spoja kod zuba stalne denticije

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Stošić ◽  
Stefan Dačić ◽  
Dragica Dačić Simonović
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Tooth Crown ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Root Dentin ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) is an important anatomical structure of the tooth, which is located in the cervical part of the tooth between the crown and root, or at the contact point between the enamel which overlaps the tooth crown and cementum overlapping the root dentin. There are four possible relationships between two tissues that make the CEJ such as: the cement overlaps the enamel; the enamel overlaps the cement; the enamel and cement abut each other with no overlap; the enamel and cement are not in contact. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the enamel and cement which make the CEJ in different types of permanent teeth. The material consisted of 30 permanent teeth with intact CEJ. Staining of CEJ was carried out using the methylene blue. After staining, the tooth was washed under the running water and drying at room temperature. Each tooth was longitudinally cut in the vestibular-oral direction. Observation of CEJ was done with Leica light microscope and images were obtained using a Nikon camera. The results indicated that the most common form of CEJ between the cement and enamel in the region of CEJ was that cement and enamel abutted without overlap (36.7%), followed by the cement overlapping the enamel (33.3%), and the cases when a gap between the cement and enamel (16.7%) was present, and when the enamel overlaped the cement (13.3%). Because of the morphological diversity of CEJ, careful performing of dental interventions in the region of tooth neck is necessary because they may change the morphology of this region, induce the pathological processes and hypersensitivity of teeth.

scholarly journals Application of POCOP Pincer Nickel Complexes to the Catalytic Hydroboration of Carbon Dioxide

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Jiarui Chang ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Bula Cao ◽  
Yazhou Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nickel Complexes ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Pincer Complexes ◽  
Hydride Complex ◽  
Nickel Hydride ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

The reduction of CO2 is of great importance. In this paper, different types of bis(phosphinite) (POCOP) pincer nickel complexes, [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiX (R = tBu, iPr, Ph; X = SH, N3, NCS), were applied to the catalytic hydroboration of CO2 with catecholborane (HBcat). It was found that pincer complexes with tBu2P or iPr2P phosphine arms are active catalysts for this reaction in which CO2 was successfully reduced to a methanol derivative (CH3OBcat) with a maximum turnover frequency of 1908 h−1 at room temperature under an atmospheric pressure of CO2. However, complexes with phenyl-substituted phosphine arms failed to catalyze this reaction—the catalysts decomposed under the catalytic conditions. Complexes with iPr2P phosphine arms are more active catalysts compared with the corresponding complexes with tBu2P phosphine arms. For complexes with the same phosphine arms, the catalytic activity follows the series of mercapto complex (X = SH) ≈ azido complex (X = N3) >> isothiocyanato complex (X = NCS). It is believed that all of these catalytic active complexes are catalyst precursors which generate the nickel hydride complex [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiH in situ, and the nickel hydride complex is the active species to catalyze this reaction.

Optimization of Pan Coating Process for Increased Efficiency of Controlled-Release Urea Fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-342
Author(s):  
Trung Huu Nguyen ◽  
Tran Nguyen Minh An ◽  
Mahboob Alam ◽  
Duc Hoai Tran ◽  
Nghi Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Coating Process ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Controlled Release Urea

The goal of the research is to develop an experimental mathematical model of pan coating process effect on the biodegradable polymer and to determine optimal process parameters. The polymer solution was conducted with phosphated di-starch phosphate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylic acid and performed as material coating for the controlled-release urea fertilizer. The image analysis method has been used to determine the particle size distribution, Sauter mean diameter of the particle and layer thickness that is novel. The central composite rotatable design has been selected to determine the regression models of the process, which described the relationship between two objective variables as layer thickness, release time with angle of pan, spray flow, and coating time. The statistical analysis results indicate the fitness of model.

THEORY OF LAW AND PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AS THEORETICAL DISCOURSES: SPECIFICS AND RELATIONSHIP

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Вадим Леонидович Афанасьевский
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Scientific Creativity ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Relationship

В статье анализируется проблема взаимоотношений философии права и научной теории права. Рассматриваемая проблема стала особенно актуальной в российском образовательном пространстве в связи с введением после длительного перерыва в государственный образовательный стандарт магистратуры по юриспруденции учебной дисциплины «Философия права». Автор статьи в качестве базисного принимает тезис, согласно которому философия права, являясь сферой философской мысли, и теория права как область научного социогуманитарного знания представляют собой разные типы теоретического дискурса. Исходя из этого, в статье выстраивается теоретическая концепция, согласно которой задачей философии права как философского типа мышления является конструирование или экспликация онтологических, эпистемологических, аксиологических, феноменологических оснований для формирования и функционирования научных теоретико-правовых и историко-правовых построений. Для реализации поставленной в статье задачи подробно рассматриваются ключевые характеристики как теории философского типа, так и идеалов, норм и характеристик научного знания. Выявленное различие экстраполируется на взаимоотношение теории права как продукта научного творчества и философии права как конструкции, задающей базовые мировоззренческие смыслы. В качестве примера выработанных философией права и государства оснований научных теорий прогресса, государства, морали и права, автор приводит взгляды мыслителей западноевропейской философской классики: Т. Гоббса, Ж.-Ж. Руссо, И. Канта, Г.В.Ф. Гегеля. Именно их философские концепции предопределили образы теоретико- и историко-правовых учений XVIII, XIX, XX и даже начала XXI в. Таким образом, отношение философии права и теории права выстраивается по «вертикали»: от онтологического основания к возведению теоретико-правовых и историко-правовых научных построений. The article analyzes the problem of the relationship between the philosophy of law and the scientific theory of law. The problem under consideration has become especially urgent in the Russian educational space in connection with the introduction of the Philosophy of Law discipline master's degree in law after a long break. The author of the article takes as the basis the thesis that the philosophy of law, being the sphere of philosophical thought, and the theory of law as a field of scientific socio-humanitarian knowledge are different types of theoretical discourse. Based on this, the article builds a theoretical concept according to which the task of the philosophy of law as a philosophical type of thinking is the construction or explication of ontological, epistemological, axiological, phenomenological grounds for the formation and functioning of concrete scientific theoretical and legal and historical and legal constructions. To implement the task posed in the article, the key characteristics of both a theory of a philosophical type and ideals, norms and characteristics of scientific knowledge are examined in detail. The revealed difference is extrapolated to the relationship between the theory of law as a product of scientific creativity and the philosophy of law as a construction that sets basic philosophical meanings. As an example of the foundations of the scientific theories of progress, state, morality and law developed by the philosophy of law and the state, the author gives the views and thinkers of the West European philosophical classics T. Hobbes, J.-J. Russo, I. Kant, G.V.F. Hegel. It was their philosophical concepts that predetermined the images of theoretical and historical-legal doctrines of the XVIII, XIX, XX and even the beginning of the XXI centuries. Thus, the attitude of the philosophy of law and the theory of law is built along the «vertical»: from the ontological foundation to the construction of theoretical and historical and historical legal scientific constructions.

Characteristics of Different Types of Childhood Violence and the Risk of Revictimization

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1696-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Frugaard Stroem ◽  
Helene Flood Aakvaag ◽  
Tore Wentzel-Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship between the characteristics of different types of childhood violence and adult victimization using two waves of data from a community telephone survey (T1) and a follow-up survey, including 505 cases and 506 controls, aged 17-35 years (T2). The logistic regression analyses showed that exposure to childhood abuse, regardless of type, was associated with adult victimization. Exposure to multiple types of abuse, victimization both in childhood and in young adulthood, and recency of abuse increased these odds. Our findings emphasize the importance of assessing multiple forms of violence when studying revictimization. Practitioners working with children and young adults should be attentive to the number of victimization types experienced and recent victimization to prevent further abuse.

scholarly journals Endolysosomal Cation Channels and MITF in Melanocytes and Melanoma

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Carla Abrahamian ◽  
Christian Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Pore Channel ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Canonical Wnt ◽  
The Relationship

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the principal transcription factor regulating pivotal processes in melanoma cell development, growth, survival, proliferation, differentiation and invasion. In recent years, convincing evidence has been provided attesting key roles of endolysosomal cation channels, specifically TPCs and TRPMLs, in cancer, including breast cancer, glioblastoma, bladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma. In this review, we provide a gene expression profile of these channels in different types of cancers and decipher their roles, in particular the roles of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) and TRPML1 in melanocytes and melanoma. We specifically discuss the signaling cascades regulating MITF and the relationship between endolysosomal cation channels, MAPK, canonical Wnt/GSK3 pathways and MITF.

scholarly journals More than a method: trusting relationships, productive tensions, and two-way learning as mechanisms of authentic co-production

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Knowles ◽  
Dawn Allen ◽  
Ailsa Donnelly ◽  
Jackie Flynn ◽  
Kay Gallacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Knowledge Mobilisation ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Willingness To Change ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hybrid Knowledge ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Knowledge mobilisation requires the effective elicitation and blending of different types of knowledge or ways of knowing, to produce hybrid knowledge outputs that are valuable to both knowledge producers (researchers) and knowledge users (health care stakeholders). Patients and service users are a neglected user group, and there is a need for transparent reporting and critical review of methods used to co-produce knowledge with patients. This study aimed to explore the potential of participatory codesign methods as a mechanism of supporting knowledge sharing, and to evaluate this from the perspective of both researchers and patients. Methods A knowledge mobilisation research project using participatory codesign workshops to explore patient involvement in using health data to improve services. To evaluate involvement in the project, multiple qualitative data sources were collected throughout, including a survey informed by the Generic Learning Outcomes framework, an evaluation focus group, and field notes. Analysis was a collective dialogic reflection on project processes and impacts, including comparing and contrasting the key issues from the researcher and contributor perspectives. Results Authentic involvement was seen as the result of “space to talk” and “space to change”. "Space to talk" refers to creating space for shared dialogue, including space for tension and disagreement, and recognising contributor and researcher expertise as equally valuable to the discussion. ‘Space to change’ refers to space to adapt in response to contributor feedback. These were partly facilitated by the use of codesign methods which emphasise visual and iterative working, but contributors emphasised that relational openness was more crucial, and that this needed to apply to the study overall (specifically, how contributors were reimbursed as a demonstration of how their input was valued) to build trust, not just to processes within the workshops. Conclusions Specific methods used within involvement are only one component of effective involvement practice. The relationship between researcher and contributors, and particularly researcher willingness to change their approach in response to feedback, were considered most important by contributors. Productive tension was emphasised as a key mechanism in leading to genuinely hybrid outputs that combined contributor insight and experience with academic knowledge and understanding.

scholarly journals Autophagy Modulators in Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5804
Author(s):  
Kamila Buzun ◽  
Agnieszka Gornowicz ◽  
Roman Lesyk ◽  
Krzysztof Bielawski ◽  
Anna Bielawska
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Atg Proteins ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that plays an important role in removing damaged proteins, organelles or cellular fragments from the cell. Under stressful conditions such as hypoxia, nutrient deficiency or chemotherapy, this process can also become the strategy for cell survival. Autophagy can be nonselective or selective in removing specific organelles, ribosomes, and protein aggregates, although the complete mechanisms that regulate aspects of selective autophagy are not fully understood. This review summarizes the most recent research into understanding the different types and mechanisms of autophagy. The relationship between apoptosis and autophagy on the level of molecular regulation of the expression of selected proteins such as p53, Bcl-2/Beclin 1, p62, Atg proteins, and caspases was discussed. Intensive studies have revealed a whole range of novel compounds with an anticancer activity that inhibit or activate regulatory pathways involved in autophagy. We focused on the presentation of compounds strongly affecting the autophagy process, with particular emphasis on those that are undergoing clinical and preclinical cancer research. Moreover, the target points, adverse effects and therapeutic schemes of autophagy inhibitors and activators are presented.

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