scholarly journals Swirling Flame Combustion of Heavy Fuel Oil: Effect of Fuel Sulfur Content

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyan Pei ◽  
Abdul Gani Abdul Jameel ◽  
Chaoqin Chen ◽  
Ibrahim A. AlGhamdi ◽  
Kamal AlAhmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Swirling Flame

Abstract In the present work, an experimental investigation on the effect of sulfur content in heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the gaseous emissions under swirling flame conditions was carried out. The sulfur content in HFO was varied by blending with ultra-low sulfur diesel and four fuel samples containing 3.15, 2.80, 1.97, and 0.52% sulfur (by mass) were prepared. Pure asphaltenes were added to the blends to ensure that the asphaltene content in the fuel remained the same. The fuels were then fired in a high-swirl stabilized, turbulent spray flame. The combustion performance of the fuels was evaluated by measuring flame temperature distribution, gaseous emissions (SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, and flue gas pH), and particulate matter (PM) emissions (morphology, composition, and pH). The results showed a significant reduction in the SO2 emissions and acidity of the flue gas when the sulfur content in the fuel was reduced, as expected. The reduction was more than would be expected based on sulfur content, however. For example, the flue gas SO2 concentration reduced from 620 ppm to 48 ppm when the sulfur content in the fuel was reduced from 3.15 to 0.52% (by mass). Sulfur balance calculations indicate that nearly 97.5% of the sulfur in the fuel translates into gaseous emissions and the remaining 2.5% appears in PM emissions. Ninety-five percent of the gaseous sulfur emissions are SO2, whereas the rest appears as SO3. Varying the sulfur content in the fuel did not have a major impact on the flame temperature distribution or NOx emissions. The morphologies and the size distribution of the PM also did not change significantly with the sulfur content as the asphaltenes content of the fuels remained the same.

Seawater Scrubbing for the Removal of Sulfur Dioxide in a Steam Turbine Power Plant

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akili D. Khawaji ◽  
Jong-Mihn Wie
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

The most popular method of controlling sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in a steam turbine power plant is a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process that uses lime/limestone scrubbing. Another relatively newer FGD technology is to use seawater as a scrubbing medium to absorb SO2 by utilizing the alkalinity present in seawater. This seawater scrubbing FGD process is viable and attractive when a sufficient quantity of seawater is available as a spent cooling water within reasonable proximity to the FGD scrubber. In this process the SO2 gas in the flue gas is absorbed by seawater in an absorber and subsequently oxidized to sulfate by additional seawater. The benefits of the seawater FGD process over the lime/limestone process and other processes are; 1) The process does not require reagents for scrubbing as only seawater and air are needed, thereby reducing the plant operating cost significantly, and 2) No solid waste and sludge are generated, eliminating waste disposal, resulting in substantial cost savings and increasing plant operating reliability. This paper reviews the thermodynamic aspects of the SO2 and seawater system, basic process principles and chemistry, major unit operations consisting of absorption, oxidation and neutralization, plant operation and performance, cost estimates for a typical seawater FGD plant, and pertinent environmental issues and impacts. In addition, the paper presents the major design features of a seawater FGD scrubber for the 130 MW oil fired steam turbine power plant that is under construction in Madinat Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah, Saudi Arabia. The scrubber with the power plant designed for burning heavy fuel oil containing 4% sulfur by weight, is designed to reduce the SO2 level in flue gas to 425 ng/J from 1,957 ng/J.

scholarly journals Heavy Fuel Oil Combustion Characteristics Evaluation in Various Swirling Flow Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyan Pei ◽  
Ayman.M Elhagrasy ◽  
Long Jiang ◽  
Kamal M. AlAhmadi ◽  
Saumitra Saxena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swirling Flow ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Swirl Flows ◽  
Swirling Flame

Abstract Heavy fuel oil (HFO) is an economical fuel alternative for power generation as its low production cost and high energy density. However, its incomplete combustion induced by the presence of long-chain petroleum molecules in the fuel results in high levels of emissions. Here, we investigate the influence of the swirl flow on the combustion and emissions of a spray HFO swirling flame. To this end, HFO is sprayed into a hot swirling air, using an air-blast nozzle. The flame blowout limits are tested under different swirl flows. An investigation of the in-flame temperature fields, gaseous emissions including CO, CO2, O2, NOX, SOX, UHC (Unburned Hydrocarbon) and solid particles in the form of cenospheres are used to quantify the performance of the HFO combustion. The influence of the HFO swirling flame is tested under different conditions of global equivalence ratio, swirling number, and tangential and axial airflow rates. A comparison of two different flame regimes that fuel-jet dominate flame and air-driven vortex flows are investigated and compared in various swirling flow conditions. The results show that the tangent air is the primary factor for preheating and evaporating the fuel, thus defining the flame operating regimes.

Cenosphere formation of heavy fuel oil/water emulsion combustion in a swirling flame

2021 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 106800
Author(s):  
Xinyan Pei ◽  
Paolo Guida ◽  
K.M. AlAhmadi ◽  
Ibrahim A. Al Ghamdi ◽  
Saumitra Saxena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Swirling Flame ◽  
Oil Water

Particulate Emissions From a Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Operated With Heavy Fuel Oil

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuro Tsukamoto ◽  
Kenji Ohe ◽  
Hiroshi Okada
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Marine Diesel Engine ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Test Engine

In these years, a problem of air pollution in a global scale becomes a matter of great concern. In such social situation, diesel engines are strongly required to reduce the NOx and particulate emission in the exhaust gas. In this paper, measurements of particulate emissions from a low speed two-stroke marine diesel engine were conducted with several kinds of diesel oil and a heavy fuel oil, to know the characteristics of particulate emissions at the present situation. The effects of engine load and sulfur content of the fuel on the particulate emission have been examined. The particulate emission from the test engine was measured by partial-flow dilution tunnel system, and particulate matter collected on the filter was divided into four components, SOF (soluble organic fraction), sulfate, bound water and dry soot, by Soxlet extraction and ion chromatograph. Results show that the particulate emission from the test engine operated with heavy fuel oil is three times as much as the value with diesel oil and that not only sulfate but SOF and dry soot concentration increase with the increase in fuel sulfur content. It is also found that the conversion rate from sulfur in fuel into sulfate in particulate matter is nearly independent of the sulfur content in the fuel and increases with the increase in the engine load.

The Implications of Burning a Blend of Waste Materials in a Fluidizied Bed Combustor

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gulyurtlu ◽  
P. Abelha ◽  
D. Boavida ◽  
J. Seabra ◽  
S. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bed Material

A mixture involving wood, plastics, paper, and textile materials was burned in a fluidized bed combustor to monitor the gaseous emissions and to analyze the ashes collected in different locations of the installation. The ashes collected were first analyzed to verify the partitioning of heavy metals in different ash streams. They were then subjected to leaching tests to verify the solubility of different components present. There is a growing interest in utilizing wastes, which cannot be recycled for further use, for energy, particularly in Europe as the amounts are great and the cost of depositing them in landfills has become very considerable. These wastes are considered renewable sources and the recent policy is to encourage their use for energy, especially for decentralized energy production. However, these wastes may be contaminated and have to be verified that their utilization for energy does not bring about any adverse consequences on the environment. Each component making up the blend to be used as fuel needs to be analyzed to determine not only its composition but also its heating value so that the final blend to be prepared could present minimum risk for emissions of pollutants, ideally less than coal and with a heating value comparable, at least, to that of coal. The results obtained suggest that (i) the combustion efficiency was very high, (ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, (iii) the gaseous pollutants were below the permitted limits, and (iv) the ashes did not have tendency for leaching. Such mixtures could, therefore, be used as a solid fuel in industry as a substitution for coal or heavy fuel oil.

CFD Analysis of Temperature Distribution in Can-Type Combustor Firing Synthetic Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 741-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasril Hasini ◽  
Norshah Hafeez Shuaib ◽  
Wan Ahmad Fahmi Wan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Gas Combustion ◽  
Synthetic Gas ◽  
Natural Gas Combustion

This paper presents CFD analysis of the effect of syngas combustion in a full scale gas turbine combustor with specific emphasis given to the flame and flue gas temperature distribution. A base case solution was first established using conventional natural gas combustion. Actual operating boundary conditions such as swirl, diffusion and fuel mass flow were imposed on the model. The simulation result is validated with the flame temperature of typical natural gas combustion. Result from flow and combustion calculation shows reasonable trend of the swirl mixing effect. The maximum flame temperature was found to be the highest for syngas with the highest H2/CO ratio. However, the flue gas temperature was found to be approximately identical for all cases. The prediction of temperature distribution in the combustor would enable further estimation of pollutant species such as CO2and NOxin complex regions within the combustor.

scholarly journals Availability analysis of post-combustion carbon capture systems: Minimum work input

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (9) ◽  
pp. 1057-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
N R McGlashan ◽  
A J Marquis
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
External Work ◽  
Availability Analysis ◽  
Work Input ◽  
Minimum Work

This paper describes the availability analysis of a generic, post-combustion carbon capture plant. The analysis first establishes the minimum work input required in an ideal plant with a flue gas inlet temperature equal to the sink temperature. The analysis shows that the ideal work input is surprisingly low and that, roughly equal amounts of work are required to first separate and then compress the CO2 contained in a typical flue gas stream. The analysis is then extended to include the effects of variable inlet temperature and extraction efficiency. This extended analysis shows that there is a considerable quantity of available energy in the flue gas of a normal power station. Indeed, in principle, carbon capture is theoretically possible without any external work input for fuels of low carbon/hydrogen ratio such as heavy fuel oil and natural gas. When burning coal, the minimum work input would be significantly reduced if the flue gases' availability were utilized. The final section of the paper compares the actual work input of a variety of carbon capture schemes found in the literature, with the minimum work input for an ideal process. This comparison shows that the techniques presently found in the literature have a low second-law efficiency.

Time-Resolved Temperature Profiling of Flames With Highly Preheated/Low Oxygen Concentration Air in an Industrial Size Furnace

2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shimada ◽  
T. Akiyama ◽  
S. Fukushima ◽  
K. Mitsui ◽  
M. Jinno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Premixed Flame ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Low Oxygen Concentration

A high-speed video camera was combined with a newly developed optical system to measure time resolved two-dimensional (2D) temperature distribution in flames. This diagnostics has been applied to measure the temperature distribution in an industrial size regenerative test furnace facility using highly preheated combustion air and heavy fuel oil. The 2D distributions of continuum emission from soot particles in these flames have been simultaneously measured at two discrete wave bands at 125 frames/sec. This allowed us to determine the temperature from each image on the basis of two-color 2D thermometry, in which the ratio of the 2D emission intensity distribution at various spatial position in the flame was converted into the respective 2D temperature distribution with much higher spatial resolution as compared to that obtainable with thermocouples. This diagnostic method was applied to both premixed and diffusion flames with highly preheated low oxygen concentration combustion air using heavy fuel oil. The results show that higher temperature regions exist continuously in the premixed flame as compared to the diffusion flame. This provided clear indication of higher NO emission from the premixed flame as compared to diffusion flames during the combustion of heavy fuel oil under high-temperature air combustion conditions. This observation is contrary to that obtained with normal temperature combustion air wherein diffusion flames result in higher NOx emission levels.

Burning Methanol and its Blends Attractive Alternative for Emission Reduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Chudnovsky ◽  
D. Livshits ◽  
S. Baitel
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Turbulent Energy ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Reduction Of Nox ◽  
Reduction Of Emissions

Traditional methods for reducing emissions, by modification of the firing system to control the mixing of fuel and air, the reduction of flame temperatures (for NOx emission reduction), and/or the post combustion treatment of the flue gas to remove NOx, SO2 particulates are very expensive. Hence, before implementation of expensive measures for the reduction of emissions, it is necessary to evaluate all low cost alternatives, such as burning alternative fuels and mixing it with other liquid fuels. Methanol offers these advantages, being a derivative of natural gas which is partly de-linked from oil, and is a clean burning fuel. Existing experience [1, 2] has shown that with inexpensive and minimal system modifications, methanol is easily fired and is fully feasible as an alternative fuel. Relative to heavy fuel and light fuel, methanol can achieve improved efficiency and lower NOx emissions due to the lower flame temperature and nitrogen content. Since methanol contains no sulfur, there are no SO2 emissions. The clean burning characteristics of methanol are expected to lead to clean pressure parts and lower maintenance costs. In this paper we present results for the specific 10 ton/hr industrial boiler (results of the burning of methanol in large utility boilers we presented in our earlier publications) located at DOR Chemicals. In this study we experimented with methanol fractions (from 0 to 100 % by heat) at different boiler loads and found that the methanol and heavy fuel oil mixtures enabled us to meet the commonly accepted emissions limit for NOx with zero CO emissions. SO2 emissions were also reduced according to methanol heat fraction. Methanol burning leads to a more than 10 % reduction of CO2. It should be noted that in our tests we used a special patented mixing device (the “Fuel Activation Device – FAD) developed by Turbulent Energy Inc. for preparing premixed or in-line blends. The results show that more than 50% of NOx reduction is achieved when light fuel oil is replaced by methanol and more than an 80% reduction when heavy fuel oil is replaced by methanol. For all boiler operation modes 100% of combustion efficiency is achieved. Methanol and liquid fuel blends lead to significant reduction of emissions depending on the methanol heat fraction. Burning of a blend of liquid fuel with water leads to a significant reduction of NOx. In addition, the usage of the FAD in our tests had positive effects on boiler efficiency improvement both for LFO and methanol firing. In this paper we also present the study of methanol and diesel fuel burning in diesel engine. It should be noted that blends were prepared by a using special mixing device developed by Turbulent Energy Inc. The performance of the engine using blended fuel compared to the performance of the engine with diesel fuel. It was also found that with using the blend one may achieve a more than 75 % reduction of NOx emissions when diesel oil is replaced by 20% methanol. Methanol and diesel oil co-firing leads to a reduction of SO2 emissions depending on the heat fraction of methanol. We believe that the conclusions of the work presented are general and can be applied to any other industrial, utility boiler, or diesel engine as well.

The Implications of Burning a Blend of Waste Materials in a Fluidised Bed Combustor

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gulyurtlu ◽  
P. Abelha ◽  
D. Boavida ◽  
J. Seabra ◽  
S. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
The Cost

A mixture involving wood, plastics, paper and textile materials was burned in a fluidised bed combustor to monitor the gaseous emissions and to analyse the ashes collected in different locations of the installation. The ashes collected were first analysed to verify the partitioning of heavy metals in different ash streams. They were then subjected to leaching tests to verify the solubility of different components present. There is a growing interest in utilizing wastes, which cannot be recycled for further use, for energy, particularly in Europe as the amounts are great and the cost of depositing them in landfills has become very considerable. These wastes are considered renewable sources and the recent policy is to encourage their use for energy, especially for decentralized energy production. However, these wastes may be contaminated and have to be verified that their utilization for energy does not bring about any adverse consequences on the environment. Each component making up the blend to be used as fuel needs to be analysed to determine not only its composition but also its heating value so that the final blend to be prepared could present minimum risk for emissions of pollutants, ideally less than coal and with a heating value comparable, at least, to that of coal. The results obtained suggest that i) the combustion efficiency was very high, ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, iii) the gaseous pollutants were below the permitted limits and iv) the ashes did not have tendency for leaching. The mixture could, therefore, be used as a solid fuel in industry as a substitution for coal or heavy fuel oil.

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