Finite State Automata-Based Representation of Device States for Function Modeling of Multi-Modal Devices

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Lakshmi Narasimhon Athinarayana Venkatanarasimhan ◽  
Chiradeep Sen
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Automata Theory ◽  
System Level ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Continuous State ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Grammar Rules

Abstract Graph-based function models used in early-stage systems design usually represent only one operational mode of the system. Currently there is a need but no rigorous formalism to model multiple possible modes and states of a device in the same model and to perform model-based reasoning with that information such as predicting state transitions or causal propagations. This paper presents a formal representation of operational modes and states of technical devices based on automata theory for both discrete and continuous state transitions. It then presents formal definitions of three signal-processing verbs that actuate or regulate energy flows: Actuate_E, Regulate_E_Discrete, and Regulate_E_Continuous. The graphical templates, definitions, grammar rules, and application of each verb in modeling is illustrated. Finally, the representation is validated by implementing it on a graphical function modeling tool and using it to illustrate the verbs' modeling and reasoning ability for predicting mode and state transitions in response to control signals and cause-and-effect propagation throughout system-level models.

Finite-State Automata-Based Representation of Device States for Function Modeling and Formal Definitions of Signal-Processing Functions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Xiaoyang Mao ◽  
Lakshmi N. A. Venkatanarasimhan ◽  
Chiradeep Sen
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Automata Theory ◽  
System Level ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Continuous State ◽  
Formal Definitions ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Operational Modes

Abstract Graph-based function models used in early-stage systems design usually represent only one operational state and mode of the system. Currently, there is a need, but no rigorous formalism to model the different modes in the function model and logically predict the effects of the system transitioning between the modes. This paper presents a representation of operational modes and states of technical systems based on automata theory for both discrete and continuous state transitions. It then presents formal definitions of three signal-processing verbs that actuate or regulate energy flows: Actuate_E, Regulate_E_Discrete, and Regulate_E_Continuous. The graphical templates, definitions, and application of each verb in modeling is illustrated. Finally, a system-level model is used to illustrate the verbs’ modeling and reasoning ability, in terms of cause-and-effect propagation and the systems’ transition between operational modes.

scholarly journals Biased Information Passing Between Subsystems Over Time in Complex System Design

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Austin-Breneman ◽  
Bo Yang Yu ◽  
Maria C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
System Design ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
System Level ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Early Stage Design ◽  
Complex System Design ◽  
Biased Information

During the early stage design of large-scale engineering systems, design teams are challenged to balance a complex set of considerations. The established structured approaches for optimizing complex system designs offer strategies for achieving optimal solutions, but in practice suboptimal system-level results are often reached due to factors such as satisficing, ill-defined problems, or other project constraints. Twelve subsystem and system-level practitioners at a large aerospace organization were interviewed to understand the ways in which they integrate subsystems in their own work. Responses showed subsystem team members often presented conservative, worst-case scenarios to other subsystems when negotiating a tradeoff as a way of hedging against their own future needs. This practice of biased information passing, referred to informally by the practitioners as adding “margins,” is modeled in this paper with a series of optimization simulations. Three “bias” conditions were tested: no bias, a constant bias, and a bias which decreases with time. Results from the simulations show that biased information passing negatively affects both the number of iterations needed and the Pareto optimality of system-level solutions. Results are also compared to the interview responses and highlight several themes with respect to complex system design practice.

Control Electronics and Hybrid Dynamic System-Based API for a 6-DOF Desktop Haptic Interface

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Salcudean ◽  
R. Six ◽  
R. Barman ◽  
S. Kingdon ◽  
I. Chau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic System ◽  
Haptic Interface ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Hybrid Dynamic System ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Control Electronics ◽  
Six Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Electronic Hardware ◽  
Device Location ◽  
Programming Interface

Abstract A six-degree-of-freedom desktop magnetically levitated haptic interface has been developed by the authors. Its electromechanical design is described in (Salcudean and Parker, 1997). In this paper, aspects of electronic hardware architecture and the control of actuator currents are discussed. To program this device, a new low level applications programming interface (API) that models the haptic interface as a hybrid dynamic system is proposed. The user can define a finite state machine in which every state is a device impedance. State transitions occur upon the satisfaction of linear inequalities in terms of the device location, velocity and force. Examples of the use of such hybrid dynamic systems to produce haptic effects are given.

Hider: A Methodology for Early-Stage Exploration of Design Space

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhakar Y. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Design Space ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
System Level ◽  
Complex Simulation ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This paper describes HIDER, a methodology that enables detailed simulation models to be used during the early stages of system design. HIDER uses a machine learning approach to form abstract models from the detailed models. The abstract models are used for multiple-objective optimization to obtain sets of non-dominated designs. The tradeoffs between design and performance attributes in the non-dominated sets are used to interactively refine the design space. A prototype design tool has been developed to assist the designer in easily forming abstract models, flexibly defining optimization problems, and interactively exploring and refining the design space. To demonstrate the practical applicability of this approach, the paper presents results from the application of HIDER to the system-level design of a wheel loader. In this demonstration, complex simulation models for cycle time evaluation and stability analysis are used together for early-stage exploration of design space.

Selecting a Compressor Meridional Topology: Axial, Mixed, Radial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Smyth ◽  
Robert J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Design Optimization ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
New Products ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Blade Design ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Stage Design ◽  
Specific Speed ◽  
Early Stage Design ◽  
Smith Chart

Abstract This paper proposes a new duty-based Smith Chart as part of an improved method of selecting the geometric topology of compressors (axial, mixed or radial) in the earliest stage of design. The method has a number of advantages over previous methods: it is based on the non-dimensional flow and the non-dimensional work, which aligns with the aerodynamic function of the compressor and is therefore more intuitive than specific speed and specific diameter. It is based on a large number of consistently designed compressor rotors which have been computationally predicted using RANS CFD. Most importantly, it provides the designer not only with a choice of topology but also with the complete meridional geometry of the compressor, its blade design and the number of blades. This fidelity of geometry at the very early stage of design allows the designer to undertake a true systems design optimization (noise, manufacturing, packaging constraints and cost). This has the major advantage of significantly reducing early stage design times and costs and allows the designer to explore completely new products more quickly.

Teaching Classical Control System Course With Portable Student-Owned Mechatronic Kits

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eniko T. Enikov ◽  
Estelle Eke
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
System Level ◽  
Linear Feedback ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Phase Lead ◽  
Controls Systems

Teaching classical controls systems design to mechanical engineering students presents unique challenges. While most mechanical engineering programs prepare students to be well-versed in the application of physical principles and modeling aspects of physical systems, implementation of closed loop control and system-level analysis is lagging. It is not uncommon that students report difficulty in conceptualizing even common controls systems terms such as steady-state error and disturbance rejection. Typically, most courses focus on the theoretical analysis and modeling, but students are left asking the questions…How do I implement a phase-lead compensator? …What is a non-minimum phase system? This paper presents an innovative approach in teaching control systems design course based on the use of a low-cost apparatus that has the ability to directly communicate with MATLAB and its Simulink toolbox, allowing students to drag-and-drop controllers and immediately test their effect on the response of the physical plant. The setup consists of a DC micro-motor driving a propeller attached to a carbon-fiber rod. The angular displacement of the rod is measured with an analog potentiometer, which acts as the pivot point for the carbon fiber rod. The miniature circuit board is powered by the USB port of a laptop and communicates to the host computer using the a virtual COM port. MATLAB/Simulink communicates to the board using its serial port read/write blocks to command the motor and detect the deflection angle. This presentation describes a typical semester-long experimental protocol facilitated by the low-cost kit. The kit allows demonstration of classical PID, phase lead and lag controllers, as well as non-linear feedback linearization techniques. Comparison between student gains before and after the introduction of the mechatronic kits are also provided.

scholarly journals A unicellular walker embodies a finite state machine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben T. Larson ◽  
Jack Garbus ◽  
Jordan B. Pollack ◽  
Wallace F. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Finite State Machine ◽  
Detailed Balance ◽  
State Machine ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Computational Processes

Cells are complex biochemical systems whose behavior emerges from interactions among myriad molecular components. The idea that cells execute computational processes is often invoked as a general framework for understanding cellular complexity. However, the manner in which cells might embody computational processes in a way that the powerful theories of computation, such as finite state machine models, could be productively applied, remains to be seen. Here we demonstrate finite state machine-like processing embodied in cells, using the walking behavior of Euplotes eurystomus, a ciliate that walks across surfaces using fourteen motile appendages called cirri. We found that cellular walking entails a discrete set of gait states. Transitions between these states are highly regulated, with distinct breaking of detailed balance and only a small subset of possible transitions actually observed. The set of observed transitions decomposes into a small group of high-probability unbalanced transitions forming a cycle and a large group of low-probability balanced transitions, thus revealing stereotypy in sequential patterns of state transitions. Taken together these findings implicate a machine-like process. Cirri are connected by microtubule bundles, and we find an association between the involvement of cirri in different state transitions and the pattern of attachment to the microtubule bundle system, suggesting a mechanical basis for the regularity of state transitions. We propose a model where the actively controlled, unbalanced transitions establish strain in certain cirri, the release of which from the substrate causes the cell to advance forward along a linear trajectory. This demonstration of a finite state machine embodied in a living cell opens up new links between theoretical computer science and cell biology and may provide a general framework for understanding and predicting cell behavior at a super-molecular level.

A Formal Representation of Conjugate Verbs for Function Modeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Lakshmi Narasimhon Athinarayana Venkatanarasimhan ◽  
Chiradeep Sen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Design ◽  
System Level ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Geothermal Heat Pump ◽  
Level Function ◽  
Modal Reasoning ◽  
Functional Features

Abstract Modern design problems often require multi-modal, reconfigurable solutions. Function modeling is a common tool used to explore solutions in early mechanical design. Currently, function modeling formalisms minimally support the modeling of multi-modal systems in a formal manner. There is a need in function modeling to capture multi-modal system and analyze the effects of control signals and status signals on their operating modes. This paper presents the concept of functional conjugacy, where two function verbs or functional subgraphs are topological opposites of each other. The paper presents a formal representation of these conjugate verbs that formally captures the transition from one mode of operation to its topological opposite based on the existence of, or the value of, signal flows. Additionally, this paper extends functional conjugacy to functional features, which supports conjugacy-based reasoning at a higher level of abstraction. Through the example of a system-level function model of a geothermal heat pump operating in its heating and cooling modes, this paper demonstrates the ability to support modal reasoning on function models using functional conjugacy and illustrates the modeling efficacy of the extended representation.

Class Level Test Case Generation in Object Oriented Software Testing

2010 ◽  
pp. 203-211
Author(s):  
N. Gupta ◽  
D. Saini ◽  
H. Saini
Keyword(s):  
Object Oriented ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
System Level ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Level Cluster

Object-oriented programming consists of several different levels of abstraction, namely, the algorithmic level, class level, cluster level, and system level. In this article, we discuss a testing technique to generate test cases at class level for object-oriented programs. The formal object oriented class specification is used to develop a test model. This test model is based on finite state machine specification. The class specification and the test model is analyzed to select a set of test data for each method of the class, and finally the test cases can be generated using other testing techniques like finite-state testing or data-flow testing.

scholarly journals Mobility Management Based on Beam-Level Measurement Report in 5G Massive MIMO Cellular Networks

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 865
Author(s):  
Younghoon Jo ◽  
Jaechan Lim ◽  
Daehyoung Hong
Keyword(s):  
Mobility Management ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
System Level ◽  
Radio Link ◽  
User Terminal ◽  
System Level Simulation ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Beam Switching

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MMIMO) in the mmWave band is an essential technique to achieve the desired performance for 5G new radio (NR) systems. To employ mmWave MMIMO technology, an important challenge is maintaining seamless mobility to users because we need to consider beam-switching within a cell besides the handover between cells. For mobility management in 5G NR systems, 3GPP specified a beam-level-mobility scheme that includes beam pairing and maintenance between a transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) pair. We propose a unific-measurement report based mobility management scheme for improved radio-link-failure (RLF) rate and the accuracy of the Tx-Rx-beam-pair (TRP) selection with low overhead in 5G mmWave MMIMO networks where both handover and beam-switching are required. Furthermore, we modeled a finite-state-machine (FSM) for a user terminal to evaluate performance gain based on a system-level-simulation (SLS). We use the FSM-based Monte-Carlo SLS for the experiment and compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of existing schemes in the scenario where both beam and cell-level-mobility are necessary. We show that the proposed scheme achieves an improvement in terms of the 3-dB loss probabilities representing the accuracy of the TRP selection, signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR), and RLF rates with a lower signaling overhead compared to existing methods.

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