scholarly journals Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides From Gas Turbines by Steam Injection

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Dibelius ◽  
M. B. Hilt ◽  
R. H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Steam Flow ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustors

This paper describes the results of tests to determine the effects of steam injection on the production of nitric oxide in gas turbine combustors. When the steam injected into the compressor discharge was 2 percent of the total air flow, the oxides of nitrogen were reduced to 50 percent of what they were with no steam injection for a given load in a gas fired machine. When the steam flow was increased to 4 percent the oxides of nitrogen dropped to 25 percent of the value with no steam.

A Steam-Augmented Gas Turbine With Reheat Combustor for Surface Ships

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman B. Urbach ◽  
Donald T. Knauss ◽  
Richard W. Garman ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
Michael R. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Steam Flow ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Full Throttle

The steam-augmented gas turbine (SAGT) differs from commercial steam-injected gas turbines where steam flow may be considerably less than 15% of air flow. SAGT combustors may operate near stoichiometric combustion conditions with steam flow as high as 50% of air flow, thus achieving specific powers exceeding 555 hp-sec/lb. A previous simulation study of the steam-augmented gas turbine, which did not include compressor and turbine maps, examined the applicability of the concept in the Navy’s DDG-51-class ship environment. In this re-examination, component maps were employed to establish credible off-design engine performance, and to confirm estimates of overall ship fuel requirements based solely on anticipated component efficiencies. Also, the present simulation employs a heat-exchanger sub-program fully integrated into the main software program. The re-examination has led to several revisions and refinements of previous conclusions, which are discussed in the text. The SAGT engine concept described herein, dispenses with intercoolers, but adds a low-pressure reheat combustor. The low-pressure combustor flame temperature exceeds 2700° F, which analyses show to be stable. Exhaust gas temperatures are not permitted to fall below 450° F, and the heat recovery steam generator is designed to hold feedwater temperatures close to 300° F to avoid the gas-side acid dewpoint. At the most efficient operating points, the efficiency of this new reheat SAGT engine exceeds 44.5% with a 2200° F turbine inlet temperature, at an ambient 100°-F temperature. Moreover, it exhibits a 23% reduction in overall system volume. Simulation data show that the maximum efficiency of the SAGT engine peaks at engine powers required for cruising speeds, in contrast to the efficiency of the LM2500, which peaks at full-throttle. Since Navy ships operate near cruise conditions for the majority of their mission time, a SAGT plant uses 29% less fuel than the baseline LM2500 plant. Moreover, employing conservative cost estimates, the SAGT plant is quite competitive on a first-acquisition cost basis with gas turbines currently in the fleet.

Nitrogen Oxides Control Selection for a Utility Combined Cycle Power Plant

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Hetz ◽  
David J. Shotts
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Significant Deterioration

Recently, the combined cycle gas turbine has become a leading candidate among generating alternatives. Under the Clean Air Act, all utility-scale gas turbines must undergo air quality permitting before construction. Owners of these turbines must satisfy the requirements of either the federal Non-attainment program or the Prevention of Significant Deterioration program, depending on the air quality of the region. Both programs require that an analysis of applicable pollutant controls be included in the permit application. This paper presents a determination of the best available control technology for nitrogen oxide emissions from two proposed combined cycle gas turbines. Each possesses a 210 MW generating capability: 145 MW are produced by a GE MS-7001F gas turbine and 65 additional megawatts by a heat recovery steam generator and steam turbine. Detailed analyses of economic, environmental, and energy impacts are given for two technologies: selective catalytic reduction and steam injection. The study concludes that steam injection to meet the Environmental Protection Agency’s New Source Performance Standards provides the most effective means of control for nitrogen oxides. Other means of nitrogen oxides control are eliminated on the basis of technical feasibility.

Assessment of Solar Steam Injection in Gas Turbines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kalathakis ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
A. Alexiou ◽  
K. Mathioudakis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Solar Receiver ◽  
Steam Production

The concept of solar steam production for injection in a gas turbine combustion chamber is studied for both nominal and part load engine operation. First, a 5MW single shaft engine is considered which is then retrofitted for solar steam injection using either a tower receiver or a parabolic troughs scheme. Next, solar thermal power is used to augment steam production of an already steam injected single shaft engine without any modification of the existing HRSG by placing the solar receiver/evaporator in parallel with the conventional one. For the case examined in this paper, solar steam injection results to an increase of annual power production (∼15%) and annual fuel efficiency (∼6%) compared to the fuel-only engine. It is also shown that the tower receiver scheme has a more stable behavior throughout the year compared to the troughs scheme that has better performance at summer than at winter. In the case of doubling the steam-to-air ratio of an already steam injected gas turbine through the use of a solar evaporator, annual power production and fuel efficiency increase by 5% and 2% respectively.

scholarly journals Alternate Fuels and the Gas Turbine Catalytic Combustor

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Pfefferle
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Tar Sands ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Percent Conversion ◽  
Catalytic Combustor ◽  
Alternate Fuels

Inasmuch as conventional gas turbine combustors often produce soot even with the present low aromatic content fuels, the production of acceptable liquid turbine fuels from hydrogen deficient raw materials such as coal and tar sands requires large quantities of high cost hydrogen if conventional combustors are to be used. The economics of producing alternate turbine fuels would be improved if high aromatic content fuels could be burned in gas turbines without soot formation. Gas turbines using the catalytic combustor not only can efficiently burn highly aromatic fuels without soot formation but can meet all existing or proposed regulations on emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. Under certain conditions, high fuels can be burned with as little as 10 to 15 percent conversion of the fuel nitrogen to nitrogen oxides. In view of the potential savings, any program for alternate fuels should take into account the opportunities offered by the catalytic combustor.

scholarly journals A Test Rig for the Realization of Water Recovery in a Steam-Injected Gas Turbine

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyou Wen ◽  
Jiguo Zou ◽  
Zheng Fu ◽  
Shikang Yu ◽  
Lingbo Li
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Design Point ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Demineralized Water ◽  
Spiral Plate ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

Steam-injected gas turbines have a multitude of advantages, but they suffer from the inability to recover precious demineralized water. The present paper describes the test conditions and results of steam injection along with an attempt to achieve water recovery, which were obtained through a series of tests conducted on a S1A-02 small-sized industrial gas turbine. A water recovery device incorporating a compact finned spiral plate cooling condenser equipped with filter screens has been designed for the said gas turbine and a 100% water recovery (based on the design point) was attained.

Partial Regenerative Steam Injected Gas Turbine

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigekazu Uji
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Power Increase ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Turbine Model

Steam injection has been employed in gas turbines for over twenty-five years for power increase (more than 50% on some gas turbines) and efficiency improvements (more than 20%). For further improvement of efficiency on steam injected gas turbine, Partial Regenerative Steam Injected Gas Turbine was studied. Cycle analysis was carried out for the evaluation of efficiency among three systems, Steam Injected Gas Turbine, Regenerative Steam Injected Gas Turbine and Partial Regenerative Steam Injected Gas Turbine. Results of the analysis show that Partial Regenerative Steam Injected Gas Turbine can realize higher efficiency than other two systems. In addition to the cycle analysis, the effect of applying the concept of Partial Regenerative Steam Injected Gas Turbine to the actual engine Allison gas turbine model 501-KH was evaluated. And the effect of integrating compressor inter-cooling process in Partial Regenerative Steam Injected Gas Turbine was also evaluated.

New Catalytic Combustion Technology for Very Low Emissions Gas Turbines

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Dalla Betta ◽  
J. C. Schlatter ◽  
S. G. Nickolas ◽  
D. K. Yee ◽  
T. Shoji
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustors ◽  
Homogeneous Combustion ◽  
Combustion Technology

A catalytic combustion system has been developed which feeds full fuel and air to the catalyst but avoids exposure of the catalyst to the high temperatures responsible for deactivation and thermal shock fracture of the supporting substrate. The combustion process is initiated by the catalyst and is completed by homogeneous combustion in the post catalyst region where the highest temperatures are obtained. This has been demonstrated in subscale test rigs at pressures up to 14 atmospheres and temperatures above 1300°C (2370°F). At pressures and gas linear velocities typical of gas turbine combustors, the measured emissions from the catalytic combustion system are NOx < 1 ppm, CO < 2 ppm and UHC < 2 ppm, demonstrating the capability to achieve ultra low NOx and at the same time low CO and UHC.

scholarly journals Stationary gas turbines: an exergetic approach to part load operation

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Michel Moliere ◽  
Jean-Noël Jaubert ◽  
Romain Privat ◽  
Thierry Schuhler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Equipment Lifetime

As renewables are progressively displacing thermal plants in the power generation scene worldwide, the vocation of stationary Gas Turbines (GT) is deeply evolving. In this irreversible move GT plants are called upon to become cycling units with increasingly variable load profiles. This is dictated by the need to compensate for the fluctuations of renewable energy sources and secure the spinning reserve that is indispensable for the stability of the grids. This new scenario creates a serious challenge for gas turbine designers and operators in terms of investment policy, plant management and equipment lifetime. Indeed, operating a gas turbine at part, variable load requires reducing its firing temperature and possibly its air flow. While part load operation entails efficiency losses with respect to the full load mode, load variations cause maintenance penalties due the premature component ageing tied namely with thermal and low cycle fatigue effects on machine materials. As far as efficiency is concerned, an exergy analysis of a contemporary, air-based Brayton cycle is useful for quantifying and comparing the losses incurred by the various engine components. Such study reveals the high sensitivity of compressor efficiency to load decreases. Among possible counter-measures, heating the air at the compressor intake represents a simple mitigation measure, as it enables reducing the air flow rate while preserving to some extent the efficiency of the compressor and consequently GT efficiency.

Biomass-Gasifier Steam-Injected Gas Turbine Cogeneration

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Larson ◽  
R. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Potential Applications

Steam injection for power and efficiency augmentation in aeroderivative gas turbines is now commercially established for natural gas-fired cogeneration. Steam-injected gas turbines fired with coal and biomass are being developed. In terms of efficiency, capital cost, and commercial viability, the most promising way to fuel steam-injected gas turbines with biomass is via the biomass-integrated gasifier/steam-injected gas turbine (BIG/STIG). The R&D effort required to commercialize the BIG/STIG is modest because it can build on extensive previous coal-integrated gasifier/gas turbine development efforts. An economic analysis of BIG/STIG cogeneration is presented here for cane sugar factories, where sugar cane residues would be the fuel. A BIG/STIG investment would be attractive for sugar producers, who could sell large quantities of electricity, or for the local electric utility, as a low-cost generating option. Worldwide, the cane sugar industry could support some 50,000 MW of BIG/STIG capacity, and there are many potential applications in the forest products and other biomass-based industries.

Performance Assessment of Steam Injection Gas Turbine With Inlet Air Cooling

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo M. Bartolini ◽  
Danilo Salvi
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Air Cooling

The steam generated through the use of waste heat recovered from a steam injection gas turbine generally exceeds the maximum mass of steam which can be injected into steam injection gas turbine. The ratio between the steam and air flowing into the engine is not more than 10–15%, as an increase in the pressure ratio can cause the compressor to stall. Naturally, the surplus steam can be utilized for a variety of alternative applications. During the warmer months, the ambient temperature increases and results in reduced thermal efficiency and electrical capacity. An inlet air cooling system for the compressor on a steam injection gas turbine would increase the rating and efficiency of power plants which use this type of equipment. In order to improve the performance of steam injection gas turbines, the authors investigated the option of cooling the intake air to the compressor by harnessing the thermal energy not used to produce the maximum quantity of steam that can be injected into the engine. This alternative use of waste energy makes it possible to reach maximum efficiency in terms of waste recovery. This study examined absorption refrigeration technology, which is one of the various systems adopted to increase efficiency and power rating. The system itself consists of a steam injection gas turbine and a heat recovery and absorption unit, while a computer model was utilized to evaluate the off design performance of the system. The input data required for the model were the following: an operating point, the turbine and compressor curves, the heat recovery and chiller specifications. The performance of an Allison 501 KH steam injection gas plant was analyzed by taking into consideration representative ambient temperature and humidity ranges, the optimal location of the chiller in light of all the factors involved, and which of three possible air cooling systems was the most economically suitable. In order to verify the technical feasibility of the hypothetical model, an economic study was performed on the costs for upgrading the existing steam injection gas cogeneration unit. The results indicate that the estimated pay back period for the project would be four years. In light of these findings, there are clear technical advantages to using gas turbine cogeneration with absorption air cooling in terms of investment.

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