Influence of the Cyclist’s Characteristics on the Optimal Pacing Strategy for an Ascending Road

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Angulo ◽  
Alejandra Polanco ◽  
Luis Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Power Delivery ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Road Grade ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Drag Area

Abstract Pacing strategies are used in cycling to optimize the power delivered by the cyclist during a race. Gains in race time have been obtained when using these strategies compared to self-paced approaches. For this reason, this study is focused on revising the effect that the variation of the cyclist’s parameters has on the pacing strategy and its results. A numeric method was used to propose pacing strategies for a cyclist riding on an ascending 3.7 km route with a constant 6.26% road grade. The method was validated and then implemented to study the effect of aerobic and anaerobic power delivery capacity, mass, and drag area on the pacing strategies and their corresponding estimated race times. The results showed that modifying 1% of the aerobic capacity or cyclist mass value led to a change of 1% on the race time. Modifying 1% the anaerobic capacity and the drag area led to changes of 0.03% and 0.02% on the race time, respectively. These results are strongly dependent on the route characteristics. It was concluded that for the studied route (constantly ascending), the variation of the cyclist’s aerobic capacity influences the pacing strategy (i.e., the power delivery over the distance). The anaerobic capacity and mass of the cyclist also influence the pacing strategy to a lesser extent.

Anaerobic and Aerobic Capacities of Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda D. Zwiren
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
And Training ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Selection Of

This paper deals with the measurement of aerobic and anaerobic power in children, and how these capacities are affected by growth and training. The type of tests available, the selection of ergometer, establishment of criteria for determining whether a maximal value has been attained, and the limitations of the various expressions of maximal values are discussed. Aerobic capacity, when expressed in liters per minute, has been observed to increase with growth; when expressed relative to body weight, aerobic capacity has been shown to remain the same or decrease with age. Anaerobic capacity increases with age no matter how the values are expressed. Limited evidence suggests that training during prepubescence does not increase aerobic capacity beyond that expected from growth. Several methodological limitations of longitudinal studies are examined.

scholarly journals Metabolic consequences of β-alanine supplementation during exhaustive supramaximal cycling and 4000-m time-trial performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 864-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip M. Bellinger ◽  
Clare L. Minahan
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Cycling Test ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The present study investigated the effects of β-alanine supplementation on the resultant blood acidosis, lactate accumulation, and energy provision during supramaximal-intensity cycling, as well as the aerobic and anaerobic contribution to power output during a 4000-m cycling time trial (TT). Seventeen trained cyclists (maximal oxygen uptake = 4.47 ± 0.55 L·min−1) were administered 6.4 g of β-alanine (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) daily for 4 weeks. Participants performed a supramaximal cycling test to exhaustion (equivalent to 120% maximal oxygen uptake) before (PreExh) and after (PostExh) the 4-week supplementation period, as well as an additional postsupplementation supramaximal cycling test identical in duration and power output to PreExh (PostMatch). Anaerobic capacity was quantified and blood pH, lactate, and bicarbonate concentrations were measured pre-, immediately post-, and 5 min postexercise. Subjects also performed a 4000-m cycling TT before and after supplementation while the aerobic and anaerobic contributions to power output were quantified. β-Alanine supplementation increased time to exhaustion (+12.8 ± 8.2 s; P = 0.041) and anaerobic capacity (+1.1 ± 0.7 kJ; P = 0.048) in PostExh compared with PreExh. Performance time in the 4000-m TT was reduced following β-alanine supplementation (−6.3 ± 4.6 s; P = 0.034) and the mean anaerobic power output was likely to be greater (+6.2 ± 4.5 W; P = 0.035). β-Alanine supplementation increased time to exhaustion concomitant with an augmented anaerobic capacity during supramaximal intensity cycling, which was also mirrored by a meaningful increase in the anaerobic contribution to power output during a 4000-m cycling TT, resulting in an enhanced overall performance.

Pacing Strategy in Short Cycling Time Trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelle de Jong ◽  
Linda van der Meijden ◽  
Simone Hamby ◽  
Samantha Suckow ◽  
Christopher Dodge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Anaerobic Power Output ◽  
Constant Magnitude ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Cycling Time

Purpose:To reach top performance in cycling, optimizing distribution of energy resources is crucial. The purpose of this study was to investigate power output during 250-m, 500-m, and 1000-m cycling time trials and the characteristics of the adopted pacing strategy.Methods:Nine trained cyclists completed an incremental test and 3 time trials that they were instructed to finish as quickly as possible. Preceding the trials, peak power during short sprints (PPsprint) and gross efficiency (GE) were measured. During the trials, power output and oxygen consumption were measured to calculate the contribution of the aerobic and anaerobic energy sources. After the trial GE was measured again.Results:Peak power during all trials (PPTT) was lower than PPsprint. In the 250-m trial the PPTT was higher in the 1000-m trial (P = .008). The subjects performed a significantly longer time at high intensity in the 250-m than in the 1000-m (P = .029). GE declined significantly during all trials (P < .01). Total anaerobically attributable work was less in the 250-m than in the 500-m (P = .015) and 1000-m (P < .01) trials.Conclusion:The overall pacing pattern in the 250-m trial appears to follow an all-out strategy, although peak power is still lower than the potential maximal power output. This suggests that a true all-out pattern of power output may not be used in fixed-distance events. The 500-m and 1000-m had a more conservative pacing pattern and anaerobic power output reached a constant magnitude.

scholarly journals Hematological, Hormonal and Fitness Indices in Youth Swimmers: Gender‐Related Comparisons

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Guang Cai ◽  
Jun Qiu ◽  
Shuai Chen ◽  
Qile Pan ◽  
Xunzhang Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Erythrocyte Indices ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract This study objective was to evaluate gender differences in hematological, hormonal and fitness variables among youth swimmers and to explore relationships between erythrocyte indices and aerobic and anaerobic capacity. 137 girls and 171 boys participated in the study and were divided into three groups based on their training experience. Blood samples were obtained to determine red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and plasma erythropoietin and testosterone levels. VO2max was assessed using a submaximal cycle protocol. 76 girls and 102 boys also undertook a Wingate test to determine their peak anaerobic power. Boys had higher (p < 0.05) means than girls for all hematological variables except for erythropoietin and these variables demonstrated an increase with training in boys. The average VO2max in l∙min-1 and peak anaerobic power in watts were also higher in boys (2.91 ± 0.08 and 547 ± 28, respectively) than girls (2.25 ± 0.07 and 450 ± 26, respectively). Modest but significant (p < 0.05) correlations were found between VO2max and red blood cell counts (r = 0.252), hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.345), or hematocrit (r = 0.345) and between peak anaerobic power and red blood cell counts (r = 0.304), hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.319) or hematocrit (r = 0.351). This study revealed relatively lower yet age- and gender-appropriate hematological, hormonal and fitness indices in youth swimmers. The gender-related differences in erythrocyte indices seem unrelated to erythropoietin and may be explained by the higher testosterone levels seen in boys. Given their correlation to both aerobic and anaerobic capacity, erythrocyte indices may be used as part of talent identification for sports.

Energy Requirements of the American Professional Flamenco Dancer

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
M Elizabeth Pedersen ◽  
M Virginia Wilmerding ◽  
Brenna T Kuhn ◽  
Eva Enciñias-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Men And Women

The purpose of this study was to examine the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of professional American flamenco dancers in order to understand the energy requirements of this dance form. Eleven professional flamenco dancers from Albuquerque, New Mexico, provided a convenience sample (men = 4 and women = 7). There were three components to the testing: body composition measured with skinfold calipers, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) as determined by a graded exercise test with measured expired gases, and anaerobic capacity measured with a Wingate test. The mean age of the dancers was 28.45 years (24–44 years) and there was a mean of 13.5 years of performance experience (2–40 years). Both men and women were below average in terms of body composition, with a mean of 9.96% body fat (BF) for men (5.25– 13.09%BF) and 16.35%BF for women (12.96–20.17%BF). Mean maximum aerobic capacity was 51.63 mL · kg–1 · min–1 for men (40.7– 59.5 mL · kg–1 · min–1) and 38.78 mL · kg–1 · min–1 for women (32.9–43.8 mL · kg–1 · min–1), categorizing both as above average for their respective sexes. Results of the Wingate test gave a mean peak power of 16.2 W/kg (13.7–18.3 W/kg) and 11.3 W/kg (8.6–14.3 W/kg) for men and women, respectively; with a fatigue index of 65.5% (62–74%) for men and 56.1% (35.2–68.1%) for women. These results are nearly 25% higher than other published data on anaerobic athletes. Thus, flamenco dancers have a substantial anaerobic power output. Based upon the results of this study, it is suggested that the training of flamenco dancers include an aerobic and an anaerobic component.

VASCULAR VOLUMES CORRELATE TO AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CAPACITY, BUT NOT TO ANAEROBIC POWER 932

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
J H Gilbert ◽  
S S Moore ◽  
D Q Thomas ◽  
M L Nusynowitz ◽  
J Leig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

scholarly journals Aerobic Capacity and Anaerobic Power Levels of the University Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Cengiz TASKIN
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
The University

<p>The aim of study was to analyze aerobic capacity and anaerobic power levels of the university students. Total forty university students who is department physical education and department business (age means; 21.15±1.46 years for male and age means; 20.55±1.79 years for female in department physical education), volunteered to participate in this study. Anaerobic power was measured with Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). Oxygen consumption was estimated 20-m shuttle run test. We found that was aerobic and minimum anaerobic capacity of physical education students higher than aerobic and minimum anaerobic capacity of business students (P&lt;0.05). On the other hand, we didn’t found differences between physical education female and male students and business female and male students in maximal anaerobic capacity and average anaerobic capacity (P&gt;0.05). We found that was aerobic and minimum anaerobic capacity of female and male students in department physical education higher than aerobic and minimum anaerobic capacity of female and male students in department of business (P&lt;0.05). In addition, fatigue index of female students in department physical education lower than fatigue index of female students in department of business was found (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, recreational sportive activities affect development of aerobic capacity, depending on this, aerobic capacities of the students having education at the physical education and sport teaching department are more advanced than the students of the business management department due to applied courses included in the curriculum, in addition to recreational activities, genetic factors are determinants of anaerobic capacities.</p>

Chronic metformin intake improves anaerobic but not aerobic capacity in healthy rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Gustavo Gomes de Araujo ◽  
Sara Learsi ◽  
Victor José Bastos-Silva ◽  
Terezinha Ataide ◽  
Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Anaerobic Work Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Work ◽  
Glucose Test ◽  
Oral Glucose Test ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The effect of chronic metformin intake on aerobic and anaerobic capacity was examined in healthy rats. Twenty rats completed 10 days of metformin (MET) ingestion (250 mg). After this period, the animals performed four high-intensity bouts until exhaustion at 9%, 11%, 13%, and 15% of body mass (BM) in swimming, separated by 24 h, with prior metformin (250 mg) or placebo (PL). The critical load (CL) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC – W′) were calculated and considered aerobic and anaerobic capacity, respectively. There was no difference in CL between the MET and PL groups (p > 0.05). The AWC – W′ was higher in the MET group than in the PL group (p = 0.004). Time until exhaustion (seconds) at all bouts were higher (p < 0.004) in the MET group (9% of BM = 434.5 ± 267.3, 11% of BM = 269.6 ± 214.2, 13% of BM = 174.0 ± 40.9, 15% of BM = 146.6 ± 15.9) compared to the PL group (9% of BM = 96.4 ± 22.3, 11% of BM = 65.5 ± 13.4, 13% of BM = 51.1 ± 5.5, 15% of BM = 40.8 ± 7.5). Glucose concentration was higher at 90 and 120 min than at 0 and 30 min for the MET group (intragroup) during the oral glucose test tolerance; there was no difference between the MET and PL groups for area under curve. MET ingestion enhances AWC – W′ and times to exhaustion but not aerobic capacity.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Footwork Exercises with the HIIT Method in Developing VO2max and Anaerobic Capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 998-1005
Author(s):  
Donie Donie ◽  
Yanuar Kiram ◽  
Hermanzoni Hermanzoni ◽  
Eval Edmizal
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
State University ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Interval Method ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The purpose of this study was to determine the development of physiological aspects of increasing aerobic and anaerobic performance in students who become badminton athletes through optimizing footwork exercises using the high-intensity interval method (HITT). This research will provide a solution for trainers in combining and optimizing footwork exercises as a technique in badminton combined with the principles of interval training to increase badminton athletes' aerobic and anaerobic capacity. This study used an experimental approach by giving footwork training treatment (HITT) to 30 Padang State University students who became badminton athletes. Researchers saw the effect of the exercise given on aerobic capacity (VO2max) and anaerobic capacity. The statistical analysis results showed that footwork exercise with The HIIT (High High-Intensity Interval Training) method positively affects badminton athletes' maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) anaerobic capacity. In this concept, footwork training using the HIIT method effectively develops aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in response to energy requirements during total energy production in training maximum.

scholarly journals Multimodal high-intensity interval training increases muscle function and metabolic performance in females

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1157-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Buckley ◽  
Kelly Knapp ◽  
Amy Lackie ◽  
Colin Lewry ◽  
Karla Horvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Physiological Outcomes ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient method of improving aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity. In most individuals, however, HIIT using modalities such as cycling, running, and rowing does not typically result in increased muscle strength, power, or endurance. The purpose of this study is to compare the physiological outcomes of traditional HIIT using rowing (Row-HIIT) with a novel multimodal HIIT (MM-HIIT) circuit incorporating multiple modalities, including strength exercises, within an interval. Twenty-eight recreationally active women (age 24.7 ± 5.4 years) completed 6 weeks of either Row-HIIT or MM-HIIT and were tested on multiple fitness parameters. MM-HIIT and Row-HIIT resulted in similar improvements (p < 0.05 for post hoc pre- vs. post-training increases for each group) in maximal aerobic power (7% vs. 5%), anaerobic threshold (13% vs. 12%), respiratory compensation threshold (7% vs. 5%), anaerobic power (15% vs. 12%), and anaerobic capacity (18% vs. 14%). The MM-HIIT group had significant (p < 0.01 for all) increases in squat (39%), press (27%), and deadlift (18%) strength, broad jump distance (6%), and squat endurance (280%), whereas the Row-HIIT group had no increase in any muscle performance variable (p values 0.33–0.90). Post-training, 1-repetition maximum (1RM) squat (64.2 ± 13.6 vs. 45.8 ± 16.2 kg, p = 0.02), 1RM press (33.2 ± 3.8 vs. 26.0 ± 9.6 kg, p = 0.01), and squat endurance (23.9 ± 12.3 vs. 10.2 ± 5.6 reps, p < 0.01) were greater in the MM-HIIT group than in the Row-HIIT group. MM-HIIT resulted in similar aerobic and anaerobic adaptations but greater muscle performance increases than Row-HIIT in recreationally active women.

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