Towards the Development of a Low-Cost Minimally Invasive Highly Articulated MRI-Compatible Neurosurgical Robot

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar Chowdhury ◽  
Jaydev P. Desai ◽  
Mahamadou Diakite ◽  
Taehoon Shin ◽  
Rao P. Gullapalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Surgical Robots ◽  
Minimal Damage ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Plastic Parts ◽  
Neurosurgical Robot

Treatment for deeply seated brain tumors requires developing articulated surgical robots that are capable of navigating through narrow spaces with minimal damage to the surrounding tissues. These robots need to be low-cost to make them patient-specific as well as to reduce the health-care cost. This in turn requires lowering the manufacturing costs of the robots so that robots can be discarded after the surgical procedure. Injection molding is a mass manufacturing process for making low-cost plastic parts. We have developed a four degree-of-freedom surgical robot with multiple joints that can be manufactured using injection molding. We have designed a novel compliant mechanism to provide multiple articulated joints. The robot is currently actuated with servo motors located outside the robot that drive the joints using passive cables. Cables are routed through the robot to reduce the cross coupling between the joints and enable independent joint actuation. By detaching the actuation from the robot structure, we have made the robot suitable for operating under continuous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

The Effect of Nano Hydroxyapatite Particles on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Microcellular Injection Molded Polylactide/Hydroxyapatite Tissue Scaffold

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kramschuster ◽  
Lih-Sheng Turng ◽  
Wan-Ju Li ◽  
Yiyan Peng ◽  
Jun Peng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Batch Processes ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Tissue Scaffold ◽  
Plastic Parts

The current large demands for transplant organs and tissues has led to extensive research on material synthesis and fabrication methods for biodegradable polymeric scaffolds, which are required to have high porosity, well interconnected pore structure, and good mechanical properties. However, the majority of current scaffold fabrication techniques are either for batch processes or use organic solvents, which can be detrimental to cell survival and tissue growth. The ability to mass produce solvent-free, highly porous, highly interconnected scaffolds with complex geometries is essential to provide off-the-shelf availability [1]. Injection molding has long been used for mass production of complex 3D plastic parts. The low-cost manufacturing, repeatability, and design flexibility inherent in the injection molding process make it an ideal manufacturing process to create 3D scaffolds, as long as high porosity and interconnectivity can be imparted into the finished product.

A Study on Injection Molding Analysis and Structural Analysis with Truck Brake Pedal

2013 ◽  
Vol 535-536 ◽  
pp. 430-433
Author(s):  
Chul Woo Park ◽  
Seong Ho Seo
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Molding Condition ◽  
Plastic Parts

Injection molding process one of the most important methods to produce plastic parts with high efficiency and low cost. Today, Injection molded parts have been increased dramatically the demand for high strength and quality applications. In this study, truck brake pedal is made of Cast iron and plastic materials to replace the frame for the optimization process that minimizes the runner and the gate dimension will determine the size and shape. Runner and gate dimensions of change based on availability of the product. I will discuss the injection molding. This report investigates that the optimum injection molding condition for minimum of runner and gate position. The FEM Simulation CAE tool, MOLDFLOW, is used for the analysis of injection molding process.

A Study on the Birefringence Measurement in Injection Molded Parts Using Two Different Laser Sources and R-G-B Separation of White Light

2006 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
Jong Sun Kim ◽  
Chul Jin Hwang ◽  
Kyung Hwan Yoon
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Laser Method ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Molded Parts ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Plastic Parts

Recently, injection molded plastic optical products are widely used in many fields, because injection molding process has advantages of low cost and high productivity. However, there remains residual birefringence and residual stresses originated from flow history and differential cooling. The present study focused on developing a technique to measure the birefringence in transparent injection-molded optical plastic parts using two methods as follows: (i) the two colored laser method, (ii) the R-G-B separation method of white light. The main idea of both methods came from the fact that more information can be obtained from the distribution of retardation caused by different wavelengths. The comparison between two methods is demonstrated for the same sample of which retardation is up to 850 nm.

scholarly journals An Innovative and Cost-Advantage CAD Solution for Cubitus Varus Surgical Planning in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4057
Author(s):  
Leonardo Frizziero ◽  
Gian Maria Santi ◽  
Christian Leon-Cardenas ◽  
Giampiero Donnici ◽  
Alfredo Liverani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Varus Deformity ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Cubitus Varus ◽  
Surgical Guide ◽  
Traditional Procedure ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Patient Specific Instruments

The study of CAD (computer aided design) modeling, design and manufacturing techniques has undergone a rapid growth over the past decades. In medicine, this development mainly concerned the dental and maxillofacial sectors. Significant progress has also been made in orthopedics with pre-operative CAD simulations, printing of bone models and production of patient-specific instruments. However, the traditional procedure that formulates the surgical plan based exclusively on two-dimensional images and interventions performed without the aid of specific instruments for the patient and is currently the most used surgical technique. The production of custom-made tools for the patient, in fact, is often expensive and its use is limited to a few hospitals. The purpose of this study is to show an innovative and cost-effective procedure aimed at prototyping a custom-made surgical guide for address the cubitus varus deformity on a pediatric patient. The cutting guides were obtained through an additive manufacturing process that starts from the 3D digital model of the patient’s bone and allows to design specific models using Creo Parametric. The result is a tool that adheres perfectly to the patient’s bone and guides the surgeon during the osteotomy procedure. The low cost of the methodology described makes it worth noticing by any health institution.

Ultrasonic measurement of clamping force for injection molding machine

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Yao Zhao ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
Junye Huang ◽  
Neng Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Clamping Force ◽  
Molding Process

AbstractAn online and feasible clamping force measurement method is important in the injection molding process and equipment. Based on the sono-elasticity theory, anin situclamping force measurement method using ultrasonic technology is proposed in this paper. A mathematical model is established to describe the relationship between the ultrasonic propagation time, mold thickness, and clamping force. A series of experiments are performed to verify the proposed method. Experimental findings show that the measurement results of the proposed method agree well with those of the magnetic enclosed-type clamping force tester method, with difference squares less than 2 (MPa)2and errors bars less than 0.7 MPa. The ultrasonic method can be applied in molds of different thickness, injection molding machines of different clamping scales, and large-scale injection cycles. The proposed method offers advantages of being highly accurate, highly stable, simple, feasible, non-destructive, and low-cost, providing significant application prospects in the injection molding industry.

scholarly journals Hybrid Spine Simulator Prototype for X-ray Free Pedicle Screws Fixation Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Sara Condino ◽  
Giuseppe Turini ◽  
Virginia Mamone ◽  
Paolo Domenico Parchi ◽  
Vincenzo Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Pedicle Screws ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Harmful Radiation

Simulation for surgical training is increasingly being considered a valuable addition to traditional teaching methods. 3D-printed physical simulators can be used for preoperative planning and rehearsal in spine surgery to improve surgical workflows and postoperative patient outcomes. This paper proposes an innovative strategy to build a hybrid simulation platform for training of pedicle screws fixation: the proposed method combines 3D-printed patient-specific spine models with augmented reality functionalities and virtual X-ray visualization, thus avoiding any exposure to harmful radiation during the simulation. Software functionalities are implemented by using a low-cost tracking strategy based on fiducial marker detection. Quantitative tests demonstrate the accuracy of the method to track the vertebral model and surgical tools, and to coherently visualize them in either the augmented reality or virtual fluoroscopic modalities. The obtained results encourage further research and clinical validation towards the use of the simulator as an effective tool for training in pedicle screws insertion in lumbar vertebrae.

scholarly journals Accessing 3D Printed Vascular Phantoms for Procedural Simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasamine Coles-Black ◽  
Damien Bolton ◽  
Jason Chuen
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Endovascular Procedures ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Ct Angiogram ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
3D Printed

Introduction: 3D printed patient-specific vascular phantoms provide superior anatomical insights for simulating complex endovascular procedures. Currently, lack of exposure to the technology poses a barrier for adoption. We offer an accessible, low-cost guide to producing vascular anatomical models using routine CT angiography, open source software packages and a variety of 3D printing technologies.Methods: Although applicable to all vascular territories, we illustrate our methodology using Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) due to the strong interest in this area. CT aortograms acquired as part of routine care were converted to representative patient-specific 3D models, and then printed using a variety of 3D printing technologies to assess their material suitability as aortic phantoms. Depending on the technology, phantoms cost $20–$1,000 and were produced in 12–48 h. This technique was used to generate hollow 3D printed thoracoabdominal aortas visible under fluoroscopy.Results: 3D printed AAA phantoms were a valuable addition to standard CT angiogram reconstructions in the simulation of complex cases, such as short or very angulated necks, or for positioning fenestrations in juxtarenal aneurysms. Hollow flexible models were particularly useful for device selection and in planning of fenestrated EVAR. In addition, these models have demonstrated utility other settings, such as patient education and engagement, and trainee and anatomical education. Further study is required to establish a material with optimal cost, haptic and fluoroscopic fidelity.Conclusion: We share our experiences and methodology for developing inexpensive 3D printed vascular phantoms which despite material limitations, successfully mimic the procedural challenges encountered during live endovascular surgery. As the technology continues to improve, 3D printed vascular phantoms have the potential to disrupt how endovascular procedures are planned and taught.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive 3D-Molded Bone Flap Protocol for Patient-Specific Cranioplasty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Bertani ◽  
Caio Moreno Perret Novo ◽  
Pedro Henrique Freitas ◽  
Amanda Amorin Nunes ◽  
Thiago Nunes Palhares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cranial Defect

Abstract We present a detailed step-by-step approach for the low-cost production and surgical implantation of cranial prostheses, aimed at restoring aesthetics, cerebral protection, and facilitating neurological rehabilitation. This protocol uses combined scan computed tomography (CT) cross-sectional images, in DICOM format, along with a 3D printing (additive manufacturing) setup. The in-house developed software InVesalius®️ is an open-source tool for medical imaging manipulation. The protocol describes image acquisition (CT scanning) procedures, and image post-processing procedures such as image segmentation, surface/volume rendering, mesh generation of a 3D digital model of the cranial defect and the desired prostheses, and their preparation for use in 3D printers. Furthermore, the protocol describes a detailed powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process, known as Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), using Polyamide (PA12) as feedstock to produce a 3-piece customized printed set per patient. Each set consists of a “cranial defect printout” and a “testing prosthesis” to assemble parts for precision testing, and a cranial “prostheses mold” in 2 parts to allow for the intraoperative modeling of the final implant cast using the medical grade Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in a time span of a few min. The entire 3D processing time, including modelling, design, production, post-processing and qualification, takes approximately 42 h. Modeling the PMMA flap with a critical thickness of 4 mm by means of Finite Element Method (FEM) assures mechanical and impact properties to be slightly weaker than the bone tissue around it, a safety design to prevent fracturing the skull after a possible subsequent episode of head injury. On a parallel track, the Protocol seeks to provide guidance in the context of equipment, manufacturing cost and troubleshooting. Customized 3D PMMA prostheses offers a reduced operating time, good biocompatibility, and great functional and aesthetic outcomes. Additionally, it offers greater than 15-fold cost advantage over the usage of other materials, including metallic parts produced by additive manufacturing.

Tensile and Compressive Properties of Low-Cost High-Strength β-Type Ti-Mn Alloys Fabricated by Metal Injection Molding

2016 ◽  
pp. 499-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Cho ◽  
Mtsuo Niinomi ◽  
Masaaki Nakai ◽  
Huihong Liu ◽  
Pedro Femandes Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Metal Injection Molding ◽  
Compressive Properties
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