Micro Scale Slow-Pyrolysis Rotary Kiln for Syngas and Char Production From Biomass and Waste: Design and Construction of a Reactor Test Bench

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Power Cycles ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
The University ◽  
Energy Balances

Slow pyrolysis of waste and biomass may represent an interesting solution for renewable energy conversion in highly regenerative Gas Turbine (GT) or Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) based power cycles. The combined production of a medium LHV gas to fuel the GT or the ICE and of a high LHV byproduct (tar and/or char) that may contribute to maintain the pyrolysis process, makes pyrolysis highly competitive when compared to gasification. Nevertheless few simulations of such integrated plants are available in literature also because of the lack of general and robust modeling tools for the pyrolysis process. A pilot scale rotary kiln pyrolyzer was built at the University of Perugia to investigate the main benefits and drawbacks of the technology. The pyrolyzer will provide the experimental data that are necessary both to evaluate mass and energy balances, and to support the pyrolysis simulation activity that the authors are carrying out. Namely the test rig will provide, for each given quantity and composition of the biomass or waste in input, the gas, char and tar yields and compositions and the energy provided to maintain the process. This paper describes the main features and operational possibilities of the plant.

LO.CO.MO.DIA: Low Cost Monitoring for Diagnostic Purposes of a Small Scale CHP Plant

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Performance Indexes ◽  
Data Acquisition Board ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University ◽  
Maintenance Personnel

Abstract Small scale Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) powered Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants are economically convenient when availability and efficiencies are above specified limits. Nevertheless these plants are often run without a monitoring device capable of data storing and trending and of performance evaluation. This paper describes the setting up of a powerful low-cost monitoring system for the CHP plant that powers the School of Engineering of the University of Perugia. Data acquisition is performed by interfacing a Personal Computer (PC) to existing control panels via, serial port, and to a data acquisition board for those variables that are not measured by existing devices. Performance indexes are then calculated via software. Alarms and controls are stored as well to set up a database for diagnostic purposes. The monitoring itself has already shown its troubleshooting capability in interface to maintenance personnel: history trending of variables speeds up the phase of failure identification because it eliminates those possibilities that are negated by cross referencing values of different variables.

Energy Balance Analysis on the Slow Pyrolysis Process of Cattle Manure

2013 ◽  
Vol 392 ◽  
pp. 531-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Zi Fu Li ◽  
Yao Zhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Process Energy ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Energy Balances

Energy balances are increasingly used to assess the energy efficiency and productivity of production. In this study, energy balances for the slow pyrolysis process of cow manure were calculated. The results show that, for cow manure dry matter, all the recovered energy value from the pyrolysis process products is about 12 times of the energy needs for the dry matters pyrolysis process. But the moisture has a noteworthy impact on the energy efficiency. When the input moisture is 60.85%, the recovered energy value from all products is approximately equal to the process energy consumption, and if only using non-condensable gases (NCG) as the energy resource, the input moisture should lower than 36.63%. Meanwhile, if the vapor could be separated in the beginning phase of pyrolysis process, the energy efficiency will be greatly improved, e.g. if removed all water vapor out the system at 423K, the former two data could be 71.43% and 48.18%, which is 10.58% and 11.45% higher than the process without vapor separation handling.

An IPRP (Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant) Microscale Demonstrative Unit in Central Italy

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Bruno D’Alessandro ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
Wet Scrubbing ◽  
The University ◽  
Regenerated Plant

The Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant (IPRP) concept is based on a Gas Turbine (GT) fuelled by pyrogas produced in a rotary kiln slow pyrolysis reactor; pyrolysis process by-product, char, is used to provide the thermal energy required for pyrolysis. An IPRP demonstration unit based on an 80 kWE microturbine was built at the Terni facility of the University of Perugia. The plant is made of a slow pyrolysis rotary kiln pyrolyzer, a wet scrubbing section for tar and water vapor removal, a micro gas turbine and a treatment section for the exhaust gases. This paper describes the plant layout and expected performance with different options for waste heat recovery.

scholarly journals Renewable Pulverized Biomass Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Ashraf Elfasakhany ◽  
Mishal Alsehli ◽  
Bahaa Saleh ◽  
Ayman A. Aly ◽  
Mohamed Bassuoni
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Powder Combustion

Biomass is currently one of the world’s major renewable energy sources. Biomass in a powder form has been recently proposed as the most encouraging of biomass contours, especially because it burns like a gas. In the current study, biomass powder was examined, for the first time, as a direct solid fuel in internal combustion engines. The aim of the current study was to investigate modeling tools for simulation of biomass powder in combustion engines (CE). The biomass powder applied was in a micro-scale size with a typical irregular shape; the powder length was in the range of 75−5800 μm, and the diameter was in the range 30−1380 μm. Different mechanisms for biomass powder drying and devolatilization/gasification were proposed, including different schemes’ and mechanisms’ rate constants. A comparison between the proposed models and experiments was carried out and results showed good matching. Nevertheless, it is important that a biomass powder simulation addresses overlapping/complicated sub-process. During biomass powder combustion, tar was shown to be formed at a rate of 57 wt.%, and, accordingly, the formation and thermal decomposition of tar were modelled in the study, with the results demonstrating that the tar was formed and then disintegrated at temperatures between 700 and 1050 K. Through biomass powder combustion, moisture, tar, and gases were released, mostly from one lateral of particles, which caused ejection of the solid particles. These new phenomena were investigated experimentally and modeled as well. Results also showed that all the proposed models, along with their rate constants, activation energies, and other models’ parameters, were capable of reproducing the mass yields of gases, tar, and char at a wide range of working temperatures. The results showed that the gasification/devolatilization model 3 is somewhat simple and economical in the simulation/computation scheme, however, models 1 and 2 are rather computationally heavy and complicated.

The α-Prototype of an Ultra-Micro-Gas Turbine at the University of Roma 1: Final Assembly and Tests

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Capata ◽  
Enrico Sciubba
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Portable Power ◽  
Final Assembly ◽  
Operational Tests ◽  
Electrical Generator ◽  
The University

The paper describes the realization of the α-prototype of a portable power device consisting of an electrical generator with a power output of about 300 W driven by a small gas turbine set. The device is so small that it can be properly defined an ultra micro device, capable of supplying electric power in stand alone conditions and for prolonged periods of time (up to 24 hours continuously). In practice the device can be used as a convenient substitute (or replacement) for all current battery storage systems and is significantly smaller, lighter and most likely more reliable than the few existing internal combustion engines of comparable power output. The particular nomenclature is UMGTG-UDR1 (Ultra-Micro Gas Turbine Generator). The final configuration of the prototype (for which a patent is pending) is described in the paper as well, together with some of the results of the final operational tests.

Rotary Kiln Slow Pyrolysis for Syngas and Char Production From Biomass and Waste: Part 2 — Introducing Product Yields in the Energy Balance

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Simone Colantoni ◽  
Pietro Bartocci ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Screw Conveyor ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Time Part ◽  
The University ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass ◽  
Solid Motion

A micro scale electrically heated rotary kiln for slow pyrolysis of biomass and waste was designed and built at the University of Perugia. The reactor is connected to a scrubbing section, for tar removal, and to a monitored combustion chamber to evaluate the LHV of the syngas. The system allows the evaluation of gas, tar and char yields for different pyrolysis temperature and residence time. The feeding screw conveyor and the kiln are rigidly connected; therefore a modification of the flow rate implies a modification of the inside solid motion and of residence time. Part I of the paper describes the theoretical and experimental evaluation of the working envelope of the reactor, as a function of feedstock density and humidity content, to obtain pyrolysis conditions inside the kiln. This paper describes the development and resolution of an energy balance of the reactor under pyrolysis conditions. Once the rotational speed n is fixed, the aim of the balance is to obtain the composition of the yields of the pyrolysis of wood biomass, in terms of syngas, tar and char. Results can be used to choose the correct rotational speed before doing the real pyrolysis test.

Rotary Kiln Slow Pyrolysis for Syngas and Char Production From Biomass and Waste: Part 1 — Working Envelope of the Reactor

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Simone Colantoni ◽  
Pietro Bartocci ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Screw Conveyor ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
The University ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass ◽  
Solid Motion

A micro scale electrically heated rotary kiln for slow pyrolysis of biomass and waste was designed and built at the University of Perugia. The reactor is connected to a scrubbing section, for tar removal, and to a monitored combustion chamber to evaluate the LHV of the syngas. The system allows the evaluation of gas, tar and char yields for different pyrolysis temperature and residence time. The feeding screw conveyor and the kiln are rigidly connected; therefore a modification of the flow rate implies a modification of the inside solid motion and of residence time. The paper provides the theoretical and experimental calculation of the relationships between Residence Time and Flow Rate used to determine the working envelope of the reactor as a function of the feedstock bulk density and moisture content, given the actual heat rate of the electric heaters. The methodology is extendable to any rotary kiln reactor with a rigidly connected feeding screw conveyor, given its geometric and energetic specifications. Part 2 of the paper will extend the energy balance introducing also the yields of pyrolysis products.

Rotary Kiln Slow Pyrolysis for Syngas and Char Production From Biomass and Waste—Part I: Working Envelope of the Reactor

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Simone Colantoni ◽  
Pietro Bartocci ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Screw Conveyor ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Wet Scrubbing ◽  
The University ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

A microscale electrically heated rotary kiln for slow pyrolysis of biomass and waste was designed and built at the University of Perugia. The reactor is connected to a wet scrubbing section, for tar removal, and to a monitored combustion chamber to evaluate the lower heating value of the syngas. The system allows the evaluation of gas, tar, and char yields for different pyrolysis temperatures and residence times. The feeding screw conveyor and the kiln are rigidly connected; therefore, a modification of the flow rate implies a modification of the inside solid motion and of residence time. The paper provides the theoretical and experimental calculation of the relationships between residence time and flow rate used to determine the working envelope of the reactor as a function of the feedstock bulk density and moisture content, given the actual heat rate of the electric heaters. The methodology is extendable to any rotary kiln reactor with a rigidly connected feeding screw conveyor, given its geometric and energetic specifications. Part II of the paper will extend the energy balance, also introducing the yields of pyrolysis products.

scholarly journals Synthetic fuel production from shredded scrap waste

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (44) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Iván Ernesto Barragán-Gutiérrez ◽  
Alfonso López-Díaz ◽  
Wolfgang Krumm
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Definition Of

This technological innovation project involved material identification, and design, installation, implementation, and evaluation of a pilot plant with capacity of 10 t per batch to recover materials and produce synthetic fuels (oil, syngas and solid) from shredded scrap waste. The results showed the proper way to separate materials (metals, and organic and inert compounds), and to perform the pyrolysis process to produce gas, oil, and coke as synthetic fuels from organic waste. The process started with the physicochemical characterization of the waste, followed by the selection of separation, sorting and processing technologies, and the definition of pyrolysis process parameters. Finally, the synthetic fuels were characterized, and uses for the furnace billet, ladle preheating, internal combustion engines, and auto generation were suggested. The results showed 82 % recovery of magnetic and non-magnetic metals, and production of synthetic fuels with PCI between 20 650 and 36 900 kJ/kg.

Rotary Kiln Slow Pyrolysis for Syngas and Char Production From Biomass and Waste — Part II: Introducing Product Yields in the Energy Balance

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 908-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Simone Colantoni ◽  
Pietro Bartocci ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Screw Conveyor ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Wet Scrubbing ◽  
Time Part ◽  
The University ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

A microscale electrically heated rotary kiln for slow pyrolysis of biomass and waste was designed and built at the University of Perugia. The reactor is connected to a wet scrubbing section, for tar removal, and to a monitored combustion chamber to evaluate the lower heating value of the syngas. The system allows the evaluation of gas, tar, and char yields for different pyrolysis temperature and residence time. The feeding screw conveyor and the kiln are rigidly connected; therefore a modification of the flow rate implies a modification of the inside solid motion and of residence time. Part I of the paper describes the theoretical and experimental evaluation of the working envelope of the reactor, that is, rotational speed as a function of feedstock density and humidity content, to obtain pyrolysis conditions inside the kiln. This paper describes the development and resolution of an energy balance of the reactor under pyrolysis conditions. Once the rotational speed n is fixed, the aim of the balance is to obtain the yield of wood biomass pyrolysis products such as syngas, tar, and char. Results can be used to choose the correct rotational speed of kiln and feeding screw before doing the real pyrolysis test.

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