scholarly journals Synthetic fuel production from shredded scrap waste

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (44) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Iván Ernesto Barragán-Gutiérrez ◽  
Alfonso López-Díaz ◽  
Wolfgang Krumm
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Definition Of

This technological innovation project involved material identification, and design, installation, implementation, and evaluation of a pilot plant with capacity of 10 t per batch to recover materials and produce synthetic fuels (oil, syngas and solid) from shredded scrap waste. The results showed the proper way to separate materials (metals, and organic and inert compounds), and to perform the pyrolysis process to produce gas, oil, and coke as synthetic fuels from organic waste. The process started with the physicochemical characterization of the waste, followed by the selection of separation, sorting and processing technologies, and the definition of pyrolysis process parameters. Finally, the synthetic fuels were characterized, and uses for the furnace billet, ladle preheating, internal combustion engines, and auto generation were suggested. The results showed 82 % recovery of magnetic and non-magnetic metals, and production of synthetic fuels with PCI between 20 650 and 36 900 kJ/kg.

scholarly journals Characterization of Cassia Tora Seed (CTS) Oil-Based Biodiesel-Diesel Blends

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2001-2009
Author(s):  
Saferiel Onatola Morakinyo ◽  
◽  
Idris Misau Muhammad ◽  
Abdulwadud Abdulkarim Yusuf ◽  
Umar Omeiza Aroke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Cassia Tora

The paper reported on the characterization of CTS oil-based biodiesel-diesel blends. The study's primary objective are the physicochemical characterization of oil and biodiesel from Cassia Tora seed (CTS) oil, characterization of CTS oil-based biodiesel using FTIR and GCMS analysis. Extraction revealed the pres-ence of 8.8% oil in Cassia Tora seed. The CTS biodiesel's viscosity was found to be 0.9092, which is well above the petroleum diesel. The physiochemical characterization showed that 5, 12.5 and 20 % CTS oil-based biodiesel-diesel blends are within acceptable limit for combustion engine without modification having viscosities of 0.8744, 0.8764, and 0.8787 respec-tively while 100% CTS oil-based biodiesel would require upgrading to meet up with the recommended standard for fuel used as diesel in internal combustion engines. FTIR and GCMS analysis showed functional groups and characteristic peaks of fatty acids and methyl ester with carbon range from C13–C17, C16 constituted the major Fatty acid group and contained 61.69 % Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA), and 38.31 % Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) giving a 94.3% biodiesel yield.

scholarly journals Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO2 Emission in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8237
Author(s):  
István Árpád ◽  
Judit T. Kiss ◽  
Gábor Bellér ◽  
Dénes Kocsis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Low Co2

The regulation of vehicular CO2 emissions determines the permissible emissions of vehicles in units of g CO2/km. However, these values only partially provide adequate information because they characterize only the vehicle but not the emission of the associated energy supply technology system. The energy needed for the motion of vehicles is generated in several ways by the energy industry, depending on how the vehicles are driven. These methods of energy generation consist of different series of energy source conversions, where the last technological step is the vehicle itself, and the result is the motion. In addition, sustainability characterization of vehicles cannot be determined by the vehicle’s CO2 emissions alone because it is a more complex notion. The new approach investigates the entire energy technology system associated with the generation of motion, which of course includes the vehicle. The total CO2 emissions and the resulting energy efficiency have been determined. For this, it was necessary to systematize (collect) the energy supply technology lines of the vehicles. The emission results are not given in g CO2/km but in g CO2/J, which is defined in the paper. This new method is complementary to the European Union regulative one, but it allows more complex evaluations of sustainability. The calculations were performed based on Hungarian data. Finally, using the resulting energy efficiency values, the emission results were evaluated by constructing a sustainability matrix similar to the risk matrix. If only the vehicle is investigated, low CO2 emissions can be achieved with vehicles using internal combustion engines. However, taking into consideration present technologies, in terms of sustainability, the spread of electric-only vehicles using renewable energies can result in improvement in the future. This proposal was supported by the combined analysis of the energy-specific CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of vehicles with different power-driven systems.

Characterization of the Ring Pack Lubricant and its Environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Burnett ◽  
B Bull ◽  
R J Wetton
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Ring Groove ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Engine Wear ◽  
Ring Pack ◽  
Motion Characterization

The performance characteristics of the piston ring-liner assembly and the lubricant within it are critical for the operation of modern internal combustion engines. The ring pack can directly affect engine friction, oil consumption and oil degradation, which in turn can impact upon fuel economy, emissions and engine wear. The operation of this system is complex and no single technique is capable of fully characterizing the processes occurring. This paper outlines the range of both experimental and theoretical methods that are being applied to the study of this system and the lubricant within it. These include the modelling of ring pack gas and oil flows, and direct measurement of piston temperatures, ring belt pressures and piston ring motion. Characterization of lubricant degradation via direct sampling of oil from the top ring groove of an operating engine has also been used. The merits of such a multi-faceted approach are discussed in relation to piston deposit formation.

scholarly journals Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Martins ◽  
F. P. Brito
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Ic Engines

The recent transport electrification trend is pushing governments to limit the future use of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, the rationale for this strong limitation is frequently not sufficiently addressed or justified. The problem does not seem to lie within the engines nor with the combustion by themselves but seemingly, rather with the rise in greenhouse gases (GHG), namely CO2, rejected to the atmosphere. However, it is frequent that the distinction between fossil CO2 and renewable CO2 production is not made, or even between CO2 emissions and pollutant emissions. The present revision paper discusses and introduces different alternative fuels that can be burned in IC Engines and would eliminate, or substantially reduce the emission of fossil CO2 into the atmosphere. These may be non-carbon fuels such as hydrogen or ammonia, or biofuels such as alcohols, ethers or esters, including synthetic fuels. There are also other types of fuels that may be used, such as those based on turpentine or even glycerin which could maintain ICEs as a valuable option for transportation.

Characterization of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

2012 ◽  
Vol 260-261 ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando Corriere ◽  
Giorgia Peri ◽  
Vincenzo La Rocca
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mass Percentage ◽  
Heating Value

Biodiesel from vegetable oils has been analyzed and its suitability for internal combustion engines has been assessed. The Standard biofuel’s characteristics have been investigated. Gas chromatography (GC) tests were carried out to characterize the fatty acid behavior. It was found that the mass percentage of saturated fatty acids did not change substantially with time, while unsaturated fatty acids increased with time for both B100 and B30. An increase in density for B100 and B30 with time was noted. Biodiesel density was within the standardization. The calorific values of biodiesel and its blend increased with time. Higher heating value for B100 increased from 41 to 43 MJ/kg while B30 increased from 44 to 45 MJ/kg.

Micro Scale Slow-Pyrolysis Rotary Kiln for Syngas and Char Production From Biomass and Waste: Design and Construction of a Reactor Test Bench

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fantozzi ◽  
Umberto Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Power Cycles ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
The University ◽  
Energy Balances

Slow pyrolysis of waste and biomass may represent an interesting solution for renewable energy conversion in highly regenerative Gas Turbine (GT) or Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) based power cycles. The combined production of a medium LHV gas to fuel the GT or the ICE and of a high LHV byproduct (tar and/or char) that may contribute to maintain the pyrolysis process, makes pyrolysis highly competitive when compared to gasification. Nevertheless few simulations of such integrated plants are available in literature also because of the lack of general and robust modeling tools for the pyrolysis process. A pilot scale rotary kiln pyrolyzer was built at the University of Perugia to investigate the main benefits and drawbacks of the technology. The pyrolyzer will provide the experimental data that are necessary both to evaluate mass and energy balances, and to support the pyrolysis simulation activity that the authors are carrying out. Namely the test rig will provide, for each given quantity and composition of the biomass or waste in input, the gas, char and tar yields and compositions and the energy provided to maintain the process. This paper describes the main features and operational possibilities of the plant.

Characterization of Real Time Producer Gas Generation From Paper Sludge Gasification

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunye Shi ◽  
Tejasvi Sharma ◽  
Albert Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Paper Sludge ◽  
Producer Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
H2 Formation ◽  
Combustible Gases

Biomass Gasification is incomplete combustion of biomass resulting in production of combustible gases consisting of Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2) and traces of Methane (CH4), the mixture of which is called producer gas. Producer gas can be cleaned and directly used in internal combustion engines or can be converted to various attractive biofuels. The paper sludge is a byproduct produced from recycled cardboard and into pallets. This paper is focused on gasification of paper sludge and its real-time gas evolution through this process. Variables include temperature; equivalence ratio and superficial velocity were tested and analyzed. Results demonstrate that CO2 and H2 formation is favored at higher temperature and higher oxygen concentrations. CO production is ruled by oxidation and water shift reactions but it is difficult to determine from two single variables.

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