Performance Benefits of a Portable Hybrid Micro-Gas-Turbine Power System for Automotive Applications

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanos Christodoulou ◽  
Panagiotis Giannakakis ◽  
Anestis I. Kalfas
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Hybrid Configuration

The lower fuel burn and pollutant emissions of hybrid electric vehicles give a strong motivation and encourage further investigations in this field. The know how on hybrid vehicle technology is maturing and the reliability of such power schemes is being tested in the mass production. The current research effort is to investigate novel configurations, which could achieve further performance benefits. This paper presents, an assessment of a novel hybrid configuration comprising a micro gas turbine, a battery bank and a traction motor, focusing on its potential contribution to the reduction of fuel burn and emissions. The power required for the propulsion of the vehicle is provided by the electric motor. The electric power is stored by the batteries, which are charged by a periodic function of the micro gas turbine. The micro gas turbine starts up when the battery depth of discharge exceeds 80% and its function continues until the batteries are full. The performance of the vehicle is investigated using an integrated software platform. The calculated acceleration performance and fuel economy are compared to the ones of conventional vehicles of the same power. The sensitivity of the results to the variation of the vehicle parameters such as mass, kinetic energy recovery and battery type is calculated to identify the conditions under which the application of this hybrid technology offers potential benefits. The results indicate that if no mass penalties are incurred by the installation of additional components the fuel savings can exceed 23%. However, an increase in the vehicle’s weight can shrink this benefit, especially in the case of light vehicles. Lightweight batteries and kinetic energy recovery systems are deemed essential enabling technologies for a realistic application of this hybrid system.

Performance Benefits of a Portable Hybrid Micro-Gas Turbine Power System for Automotive Applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanos Christodoulou ◽  
Panagiotis Giannakakis ◽  
Anestis I. Kalfas
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Hybrid Configuration

The lower fuel burn and pollutant emissions of hybrid electric vehicles give a strong motivation and encourage further investigations in this field. The know-how on hybrid vehicle technology is maturing, and the reliability of such power schemes is being tested in the mass production. The current research effort is to investigate novel configurations, which could achieve further performance benefits. This paper presents an assessment of a novel hybrid configuration comprising a micro-gas turbine, a battery bank, and a traction motor, focusing on its potential contribution to the reduction in fuel burn and emissions. The power required for the propulsion of the vehicle is provided by the electric motor. The electric power is stored by the batteries, which are charged by a periodic function of the micro-gas turbine. The micro-gas turbine starts up when the battery depth of discharge exceeds 80%, and its function continues until the batteries are full. The performance of the vehicle is investigated using an integrated software platform. The calculated acceleration performance and fuel economy are compared with those of conventional vehicles of the same power. The sensitivity of the results to the variation in the vehicle parameters such as mass, kinetic energy recovery, and battery type is calculated to identify the conditions under which the application of this hybrid technology offers potential benefits. The results indicate that if no mass penalties are incurred by the installation of additional components, the fuel savings can exceed 23%. However, an increase in the vehicle’s weight can shrink this benefit especially in the case of light vehicles. Lightweight batteries and kinetic energy recovery systems are deemed essential, enabling technologies for a realistic application of this hybrid system.

Numerical Investigation of an Inverted Brayton Cycle Micro Gas Turbine Based on Experimental Data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Agelidou ◽  
Martin Henke ◽  
Thomas Monz ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Brayton Cycle ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine

Residential buildings account for approximately one fifth of the total energy consumption and 12 % of the overall CO2 emissions in the OECD countries. Replacing conventional boilers by a co-generation of heat and power in decentralized plants on site promises a great benefit. Especially, micro gas turbine (MGT) based combined heat and power systems are particularly suitable due to their low pollutant emissions without exhaust gas treatment. Hence, the overall aim of this work is the development of a recuperated inverted MGT as heat and power supply for a single family house with 1 kWel. First, an inverted MGT on a Brayton cycle MGT was developed and experimentally characterized, in previous work by the authors. This approach allows exploiting the potential of using the same components for both cycles. As a next step, the applicability of the Brayton cycle components operated in inverted mode needs to be evaluated and the requirements for a component optimization need to be defined, both, by pursuing thermodynamic cycle simulations. This paper presents a parametrization and validation of in-house 1D steady state simulation tool for an inverted MGT, based on experimental data from the inverted Brayton cycle test rig. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to estimate the influence of every major component on the overall system and to identify the necessary optimizations. Finally, the component requirements for an optimized inverted MGT with 1 kWel and 16 % of electrical efficiency are defined. This work demonstrates the high potential of an inverted MGT for a decentralized heat and power generation when optimizing the system components.

Fuelling Micro Gas Turbines With Vegetable Oils: Part II — Experimental Analysis

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cavarzere ◽  
M. Morini ◽  
M. Pinelli ◽  
P. R. Spina ◽  
A. Vaccari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Straight Vegetable Oil ◽  
Set Up

The application of bio-fuels in automotive, power generation and heating applications is constantly increasing. However, the use of straight vegetable oil (pure or blended with diesel) to feed a gas turbine for electric power generation still requires experimental effort, due to the very high viscosity of straight vegetable oils. In this paper, the behavior of a Solar T-62T-32 micro gas turbine fed by vegetable oils is investigated experimentally. The vegetable oils are supplied to the micro gas turbine as blends of diesel and straight vegetable oils in different concentrations, up to pure vegetable oil. This paper describes the test rig used for the experimental activity and reports some experimental results, which highlight the effects of the different fuels on micro gas turbine performance and pollutant emissions. Moreover, an identification model is set up to predict the behavior of the considered gas turbine, when fuelled by vegetable oil, and the sensitivity of micro gas turbine thermodynamic measurements and emissions is quantitatively established.

CFD Analysis of an Annular Micro Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Fuelled With Liquid Biofuels: Preliminary Results With Bioethanol

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Laranci ◽  
Gianni Bidini ◽  
Umberto Desideri ◽  
Francesco Fantozzi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Preliminary Results

Liquid biofuels, such as bioethanol, biodiesel and vegetal oils, can effectively be used in internal combustion engines blended with liquid fuels of fossil origin or in their substitution, allowing a reduction of CO2 and pollutant emissions in the atmosphere. This work is supported by a CFD analysis to study the feasibility of using these fuels derived from biomass in a 80 kWel micro gas turbine, originally designed for operation with natural gas. In this paper preliminary results about the behavior of bioethanol in the MGT combustion chamber are presented. The complete investigation however includes biodiesel and also glycerin, a byproduct of biodiesel production. To carry out the computational simulations, combustion models included in a commercial software and oxidation mechanism of ethanol taken from the literature were used. The geometry of the NG injector was modified to optimize the liquid inlet into the combustor. Simulation results in terms of temperatures, pressures, and emissions were compared with data available for natural gas combustion in the original combustion chamber.

Emission Performance of a Micro Gas Turbine LPP-Combustor With Fuel Film Evaporation

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Liedtke ◽  
A. Schulz ◽  
S. Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Fuel Film ◽  
Emission Performance ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Flame Tube ◽  
Film Evaporation ◽  
The Impact

The present paper describes the emission performance of a newly designed liquid fuelled micro gas turbine combustor. In order to reduce pollutant emissions, in particular nitrogen oxides NOx, lean premixed pre-vaporized combustion is utilized. Both, combustor inlet pressure and temperature are very low due to the thermodynamic cycle conditions chosen. As a consequence, the heat available for fuel spray evaporation is not sufficient. The present combustor concept therefore uses fuel film evaporation on the hot inner surface of a premix tube. The heat for evaporating the liquid fuel film is provided by the outer counter flow of hot exhaust gases. To establish almost adiabatic conditions within the reaction zone the flame tube features a multi-layered design, consisting of ceramic rings forming the inner wall, an insulation compliant layer, and the outer metal casing. To demonstrate the potential for reducing pollutant emissions overall NOx and CO concentrations of the exhaust gases have been measured and analyzed. The impact of combustor loading parameter, equivalence ratio, staging of the combustion, and ratio between calculated reaction times and mean residence times on the formation of pollutant emissions is investigated in detail. Furthermore, the impact of the flame tube volume on pollutant emissions and combustion stability is considered at various operating conditions. Measured pollutant emissions indicate the great potential for pollutant reduction that is associated with the specific geometry of the combustor.

scholarly journals Optical Measurements of a Lower Calorific Values-Combustor Operated in a Micro Gas Turbine With Various Fuel Compositions

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Zornek ◽  
Thomas Mosbach ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Recirculation Zone ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Flame Behavior

In a recent joint research project, a new FLOX®-combustion system was developed to couple a fixed-bed gasifier with a micro gas turbine (MGT). Product gases from biomass gasification exhibit low calorific values and varying compositions of mainly H2, CO, CO2, N2, and CH4. Furthermore, combustion characteristics differ significantly compared to the commonly used natural gas. As the FLOX-technology is considered as efficient and fuel-flexible featuring low emissions of hazardous pollutants, the design of the lower calorific value (LCV) combustor is based on it. It contains a two-staged combustor consisting of a jet-stabilized main stage adapted from the FLOX-concept combined with a swirl stabilized pilot stage. The combustor was operated in a Turbec T100 test rig using an optically accessible combustion chamber, which allowed OH*-chemiluminescence and OH-PLIF measurements for various fuel compositions. In particular, the hydrogen content in the synthetically mixed fuel gas was varied from 0% to 30%. The exhaust gas composition was additionally analyzed regarding CO, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons. The results provide a comprehensive insight into the flame behavior during turbine operation. Efficient combustion and stable operation of the MGT was observed for all fuel compositions, while the hydrogen showed a strong influence. It is remarkable that with hydrogen contents higher than 9%, no OH radicals were detected within the inner recirculation zone, while they were increasingly entrained below hydrogen contents of 9%. Without hydrogen, the inner recirculation zone was completely filled with OH radicals and the highest concentrations were detected there. Therefore, the results indicate a different flame behavior with low and high hydrogen contents. Although the flame shape and position were affected, pollutant emissions remained consistently below 10 ppm based on 15% O2. Only in the case of 0% hydrogen, CO-emissions increased to 43 ppm, which are still meeting the emission limits. Thus, the combustor allows operation with syngases having hydrogen contents from 0% to 30%.

Effects of Biogas Combustion on the Operation Characteristics and Pollutant Emissions of a Micro Gas Turbine

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Bohn ◽  
Joachim Lepers
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Operation Characteristics

The capability of gas turbines to burn low-BTU biogenic fuels besides natural gas becomes an increasingly important feature for small sized plants. This is particularly the case for micro gas turbines targeting decentralized applications. The energy conversion of biomass to electricity can be improved by integration of a micro gas turbine with the biogas generation process. Such an integrated plant concept is presented in this paper after a general overview of low-BTU fuels suitable for utilization in gas turbines has been given. The advantages are a more efficient biomass conversion and an extension of biomass digestion to biomass with reduced biochemical availability such as mildly lignocellulosic biomass. The effects of biogas utilization on the characteristics of operation of a representatively modeled microturbine are investigated in this paper. Particularly, contributions to the efficiency decrease occuring when biogas is burnt instead of natural gas are analyzed. Further, an overview of the effects of low-BTU fuels on gas turbine materials and pollutant emissions is given. The change of emissions of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide is analyzed with a combustion model based on a systematically reduced 6-step reaction mechanism. This study was conducted for an advanced combustor design applying ceramic materials and a transpiration cooling technology.

Design Study of a Lean Premixed Prevaporized Counter Flow Combustor for a Micro Gas Turbine

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Liedtke ◽  
A. Schulz ◽  
S. Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Fuel Film ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Film Evaporation ◽  
Lean Premixed

The present paper describes a new burner for a micro gas turbine utilizing the lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustion. The major objective of the new combustor concept is to achieve low pollutant emissions, in particular carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Therefore, a homogeneous air fuel mixture is imperative for a lean combustion. Due to the thermodynamic cycle conditions of the micro gas turbine, the combustion air temperature is too low for an intense evaporation of a liquid fuel droplet spray. The new combustor concept therefore, is based on fuel film evaporation on the hot inner surface of a premix tube. The heat required for fuel film evaporation is transferred from the hot combustion gases, flowing along the outer surface of the tube, through the tube wall. The combustor wall is a multi-layered assembly consisting of a ceramic inner liner, a compliant layer, and the outer metal casing. This design allows almost adiabatic combustion to be established. The design process of the combustor is assisted by comprehensive numerical studies of droplet and fuel film evaporation. The commercial CFD code “CFD-RC” has been utilized to investigate the isothermal flow of the combustor. The vortex flow of the burner, which provides for flame stabilization, is described in detail. First experimental tests have been conducted. Measured pollutant concentrations of the exhaust gases meet international standards and demonstrate the great potential of the new combustor.

Experimental Investigation of an Inverted Brayton Cycle Micro Gas Turbine for CHP Application

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Agelidou ◽  
Thomas Monz ◽  
Andreas Huber ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Brayton Cycle ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine

Decentralized heat and power (CHP) production constitutes a promising solution to reduce the primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, micro gas turbine (MGT) based CHP systems are particularly suitable due to their low pollutant emissions without exhaust gas treatment. Typically, the electrical power demand for single houses ranges from 1 to several kWel. However, downsizing turbocharger components of a conventional MGT CHP system can reduce electrical efficiencies since losses like seal and tip leakages, generally do not scale proportionally with size. By introducing an inverted Brayton Cycle (IBC) based MGT this potential can be exploited. The IBC keeps the volumetric flows constant while mass flow and thermodynamic work are scaled by the ratio of pressure level. Since the performance of turbocharger components is mainly driven by the volumetric flow they should be applicable for both cycles. Hence, smaller power outputs can be achieved. The overall aim of this work, is the development of a recuperated inverted MGT CHP unit for a single family house with 1 kWel. This paper presents an experimental study of the applicability and feasibility of a conventional MGT operated in IBC mode. The demonstrator was based on a single shaft, single stage conventional MGT. Reliable start up and stable operation within the entire operating range from 180 000 rpm to 240 000 rpm are demonstrated. The turbine outlet pressure varied between 0,5 bar (part load) and 0,3 bar absolute (full load). All relevant parameters such as pressure losses and efficiencies of the main components are investigated. Moreover, the power output and the mechanical and thermal losses were analyzed in detail. Although the results indicated that the mechanical and heat losses have a high influence on the performance and economic efficiency of the system, the prototype shows great potential for further development.

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